碳基吸附剂对典型有机防晒剂二苯甲酮-3的吸附性能及热力学研究

针对环境水体中药物及个人护理用品(PPCPs)的污染问题,选择在环境水体中存在的有机紫外防晒剂二苯甲酮-3(BP-3)作为典型污染物,以颗粒活性炭(GAC)、粉末活性炭(PAC)和碳纳米管(CNT)作为吸附剂,考察吸附剂对BP-3的吸附性能、吸附特性和吸附热力学.结果表明:吸附性碳材料对BP-3具有良好的吸附性能,3种碳材料的最大吸附容量排列为:PACGACCNT,其中,PAC的单层最大吸附容量为450.36mg·g-1.Freundlich、Redlich-Peterson和Temkin吸附等温线方程能够较好地拟合吸附数据,Langmuir吸附等温线方程对PAC的吸附拟合效果较好,而对粒径较大的吸附剂(GAC、CNT)的拟合效果不理想.PAC、GAC的吸附过程可以采用一级动力学或者二级动力学模型拟合,而CNT适合采用一级动力学模型来描述.吸附热力学分析表明,PAC、GAC和CNT对BP-3的吸附过程都是自发进行的,其中,PAC和GAC的吸附过程是吸热的,升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行;而CNT的吸附过程是放热的.     

PbO2/TiO2-NT/Ti电极的制备及电催化性能研究

采用阳极氧化法制备了TiO_2纳米管(TiO_2-NT),研究了阳极氧化时间对TiO_2-NT形貌与结构的影响.结果表明,氧化时间为180 min时,TiO_2-NT排列紧密,管口形状接近圆形,管径为93 nm左右.以TiO_2-NT为底层采用电沉积法制备PbO_2/TiO_2-NT/Ti电极,PbO_2/TiO_2-NT/Ti电极与传统PbO_2/SnO_2-Sb2O3/Ti电极形貌、结构、电化学性能、使用寿命对比分析结果表明,与PbO_2/SnO_2-Sb2O3/Ti电极相比,PbO_2/TiO_2-NT/Ti电极具有较小的晶粒尺寸、较高的催化氧化活性和较长的使用寿命.     

碳纳米管导致小鼠肺部急性氧化损伤作用的研究

为了检测未经处理的碳纳米管作为送药载体对肺组织是否会产生毒性作用,将35只雄性昆明小鼠随机分成7组,用腹腔注射进行一次性染尘,6组分别注入0.1、0.2、0.4mg·mL-1的多壁碳纳米管(粒径20￣40nm)或标准碳黑颗粒(粒径<5μm)颗粒悬液1mL,对照组注入等体积生理盐水.染尘7天后对肺组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量进行测定,从而比较二者对肺组织的急性氧化损伤作用.结果表明,不同浓度的碳纳米管染尘组小鼠与对照组小鼠比较,肺组织MDA水平均有显著性升高(p<0.01);但所有标准碳黑组的升高却无统计学意义(p>0.05);0.2、0.4mg·mL-1碳纳米管染尘组与同浓度的标准碳黑染尘组比较,肺组织MDA水平显著升高(p<0.01),0.1mg·mL-1无显著变化.碳纳米管染尘组小鼠肺部GSH含量较对照组均有不同程度的降低,且均有统计学意义(0.1mg·mL-1组p<0.05,0.2mg·mL-1组p<0.01,0.4mg·mL-1组p<0.01).碳黑染尘组也有所降低,但仅0.2mg·mL-1和0.4mg·mL-1组有统计学意义(p<0.05).碳纳米管染尘组小鼠肺部GSH含量与同浓度的标准碳黑组比较,仅0.4mg·mL-1浓度组GSH含量显著降低(p<0.01),其他浓度组无显著变化.结果提示未经处理的碳纳米管作为送药载体对肺将产生一定程度毒性作用,且毒性大于相同浓度的标准碳黑.     

非暴露式气管滴注3种典型纳米材料对大鼠肝、肾的毒性效应

为探讨纳米二氧化硅(Nano-SiO2)、纳米四氧化三铁(Nano-Fe3O4)和单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)对大鼠肝、肾的毒性效应,将49只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为7组,包括生理盐水对照组,以及3种纳米材料的低剂量组(2mg·mL-1)和高剂量组(10mg·mL-1),采用非暴露式气管滴注法染毒,每2d染毒1次,每次每只0.2mL,共染毒5周,眼眶取血后处死大鼠,称肝、肾重量计算脏器系数,测定大鼠血清中反映肝、肾功能的生化指标,并对肝、肾进行病理学观察.结果表明,1)3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠体重明显降低,但对肝、肾脏器系数无明显影响;2)病理学观察发现,3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠肝细胞轻度脂肪变性,肾脏则无明显改变;3)3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠肝功能异常,部分肝功能指标如谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)等出现显著降低;4)3种纳米材料均可导致大鼠肾功能异常,部分肾功能指标如尿酸(UA)、肌酐(CREA)、尿素氮(BUN)等出现显著升高或降低.以上结果提示,经呼吸道染毒的Nano-SiO2、Nano-Fe3O4和SWCNTs均可对大鼠肝、肾产生一定的毒性效应.     

TiO_2纳米管的制备和光催化降解有毒有机污染物

采用水热法制备TiO2纳米管,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对TiO2纳米管进行表征.并以有机染料罗丹明B(RhB)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)进行光催化反应,结果表明,TiO2纳米管催化剂对RhB和2,4-DCP有很好的降解效果.通过紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析和总有机碳(TOC)测定,发现TiO2纳米管/UV体系能使RhB和2,4-DCP发生有效的降解,反应12h后,RhB和2,4-DCP的矿化率分别达到100%和97.12%.同时,采用辣根过氧化物酶(POD)、N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法和苯甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H202和羟基自由基(·OH)的变化,表明TiO2纳米管光催化机理涉及到·OH历程.     

还原氧化石墨烯-TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的制备及其对CO_2的光催化还原性能

以石墨粉和纳米TiO2为原料,采用水热法合成了还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)-TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂。运用XRD,TEM,FTIR和UV-Vis DRS技术对该复合光催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其在模拟太阳光下催化还原CO2的活性。表征结果显示:尺寸均一的TiO2纳米管均匀生长在RGO片层表面;RGO的引入拓宽了TiO2纳米管的光响应范围。实验结果表明:TiO2纳米管与适量RGO复合后,光催化还原CO2的活性明显增强;在GO加入量(水热合成时GO质量占GO与TiO2总质量的百分比,GO质量以氧化石墨计)为5%、光催化剂加入量为1.5 g/L的最佳条件下,光催化剂的催化活性是复合前的4倍;RGO-TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能。     

Pharyngeal aspiration of single-wall carbon nanotubes aggravates allergic reaction to inhaled ovalbumin in mice

Single-wall carbon nanotubes are a major type of nano-objects that have industrial applications such as fuel cells. In this study, four types of single-wall carbon nanotubes and their abilities to aggravate allergic reactions were examined: those containing Fe, those containing Ni, and the corresponding purified metal-free ones. These were administered to mice via pharyngeal aspiration. Subsequently, the mice inhaled ovalbumin a total of eight times over three weeks. After inhalation of ovalbumin, the concentrations of total immunoglobulin E and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E in serum increased in mice treated with purified metal-free and Fe containing single-wall carbon nanotubes while those containing Ni did not affect total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E levels. Additionally, the purified metal-free and Fe containing nanotubes caused the gene expression of heme oxygenase-1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, and tumor necrosis factor-α, suggesting that some kinds of single-wall carbon nanotubes have the potential to aggravate allergic reactions via oxidative stress and inflammation. Incorporated metals do not seem to be involved in the aggravation of allergic reactions. Other physical properties, such as fiber length and aggregation state, may be involved in enhancing allergic reactions.     

TiO_2纳米管阵列的改性及其光电催化性能的研究进展

阐述了目前国内外对TiO2纳米管阵列改性的方法,分析了各种改性方法存在的优点和缺陷。系统归纳了TiO2纳米管阵列光电催化性能的影响因素,包括TiO2纳米管阵列的形貌、晶型结构、外加偏电压、光源与辐照度、溶液p H、待降解物质量浓度、TiO2纳米管阵列电极面积等。指出了目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

臭氧-CNT膜改性联用工艺阈通量及膜污染分析

采用碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)对聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)中空纤维超滤膜进行改性,结合臭氧预氧化技术,考察了臭氧-CNT膜改性联用工艺的阈通量及膜表面污染情况.结果表明,原膜阈通量为45 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),联用工艺下阈通量为81 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),联用工艺相对原膜阈通量提高了约80%;且联用工艺的污染速率最低,约为0. 001 37k Pa·min-1·L-1·m~2·h.相同臭氧投量与CNT负载量下,对比联用工艺阈通量与临界通量运行情况,得出阈通量下运行过水量高于临界通量运行,表明阈通量下运行能够缓解膜污染,延长膜组件的运行时间.膜污染碳平衡实验结果表明,采用CNT对膜改性后,膜组件的纳污能力与可恢复性得到明显提高,臭氧氧化能够进一步提高CNT改性膜组件的可恢复性,大幅提高其过水性能和使用时间.     

Toxicity detection of sodium nitrite, borax and aluminum potassium sulfate using electrochemical method

Based on the inhibition effect on the respiratory chain activity of microorganisms by toxicants,an electrochemical method has been developed to measure the current variation of a mediator in the presence of microorganisms contacted with a toxicant.Microelectrode arrays were adopted in this study,which can accelerate the mass transfer rate of an analyte to the electrode and also increase the total current signal,resulting in an improvement in detection sensitivity.We selected Escherichia coli as the testee and the standard glucoseglutamic acid as an exogenous material.Under oxygen restriction,the experiments in the presence of toxicant were performed at optimum conditions(solution pH 7.0,37°C and reaction for 3 hr).The resulting solution was then separated from the suspended microorganisms and was measured by an electrochemical method,using ferricyanide as a mediator.The current signal obtained represents the reoxidation of ferrocyanide,which was transformed to inhibiting efficiency,IC 50,as a quantitative measure of toxicity.The IC 50 values measured were 410,570 and 830mg/L for sodium nitrite,borax and aluminum potassium sulfate,respectively.The results show that the toxicity sequence for these three food additives is consistent with the value reported by other methods.Furthermore,the order of damage degree to the microorganism was also observed to be:sodium nitrite > borax > aluminum potassium sulfate > blank,according to the atomic force microscopy images of E.coli after being incubated for 3 hr with the toxic compound in buffer solutions.The electrochemical method is expected to be a sensitive and simple alternative to toxicity screening for chemical food additives.