Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

自然循环水处理系统的应用试验

基于对自然循环水处理系统的工艺流程的分析,设置脱氮池、碳氧化池和除磷池,以多种天然材料作为微生物载体,建立小型自然水处理系统,对生活污水进行小型应用试验。结果表明：对于普通的生活污水,该处理系统可以使出水CODcr在30～50mg/L之间,氨氮〈5mg/L,总磷〈1mg/L,接近于中水回用要求,且处理过程剩余污泥少。     

关于伴生放射性污染源问题的讨论

本文根据国家规定公众照射年有效剂量和假设条件,建立了确定伴生放射性污染源的模型,将重庆市伴生放射性水平实地测量数据带入该模型计算,结果表明,共有8家企业确定为伴生放射性污染源,纳入伴生放射性污染源普查范围,符合重庆市实际情况。     

再生水雾化导致的病原微生物暴露剂量计算方法研究

呼吸吸入是再生水利用过程中病原微生物的主要暴露途径之一.本研究提出了呼吸途径病原微生物暴露剂量的计算方法.首先根据再生水中病原微生物的浓度、喷洒强度和再生水雾化效率因子（雾化效率因子取值一般在0.003～0.01之间）,确定再生水喷洒过程中病原微生物的排放强度.然后参考大气污染物扩散模型计算微生物气溶胶的分布,并考虑病原微生物在环境中的衰减,得出空气中病原微生物浓度.病原微生物的衰减计算与其自身衰减因子和环境影响因子有关.根据微生物种类的不同,其在空气中的衰减因子在-0.23～0 s^-1之间,而环境对微生物的影响因子在0.016～73之间.最后结合呼吸速率和暴露时间求得呼吸途径的暴露剂量.根据易感人群年龄、性别和活动强度的不同,日平均呼吸速率在4.5～17 m³·d^-1之间,小时平均呼吸速率在0.3～3.2 m³·h^-1之间.本研究提出的方法可直接用于计算再生水利用于农业灌溉、园林绿化以及水景喷泉过程中因再生水雾化导致的病原微生物暴露剂量.     

2297-T87铝锂合金用于大气腐蚀性的比较

目的利用铝锂合金的大气腐蚀试验结果评价大气腐蚀性。方法对第三代铝锂合金2297-T87在6个自然环境试验站户外暴露后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度、拉伸性能进行分析,综合评价各地区大气腐蚀性。结果2297-T87铝锂合金在团岛、万宁、永兴岛暴露1年后出现显著腐蚀,腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率约为江津的2倍、西双版纳的4倍,北京的腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率最低。合金最大腐蚀深度的变化趋势与腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率的变化趋势一致。观察横截面发现,在万宁、永兴岛、江津暴露后,合金发生严重的点蚀,在腐蚀产物覆盖区域下方形成不规则蚀坑,而在团岛暴露后,合金内部发生晶间腐蚀。合金在江津、永兴岛、万宁、团岛暴露后的拉伸性能仍比较接近,且拉伸强度保持率在90%以上。结论将2297-T87铝锂合金暴露1年后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度作为表征指标,获得各试验站的大气腐蚀性顺序为:北京<西双版纳<江津<永兴岛<万宁<团岛。     

Culpable versus non-culpable traffic accidents; what is wrong with this picture?

INTRODUCTION: It is often implicitly or explicitly assumed in traffic accident research that drivers with accidents designated as non-culpable are a random sample from the population. However, this assumption is dependent upon differences in the criterion used for culpability. If drivers are erroneously categorized by assuming randomness, results could be grossly misleading. METHOD: The assumption of randomness leads to two predictions: first, no correlation should exist between culpable and non-culpable crashes; and second, the accident groups should differ on the variables known to be associated with accidents, such as amount of driving experience. These predictions were tested in two samples of bus drivers. RESULTS: It was found that in a sample with a harsh criterion (70% culpable accidents) for crash responsibility, the drivers with non-culpable accidents had the features expected, namely, they were more experienced for example, while in a sample with a lenient criterion (50 % culpable), this was not so. DISCUSSION: It was concluded that similar studies to the present one would need to be undertaken to establish exactly what percentage of drivers in a given population should be assigned culpable accidents, and construct a criterion that yields this ratio. Otherwise, the theoretical assumptions of randomness and non-responsibility will probably be violated to some degree. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Many estimates of risk of crash involvement may have been wrong. Given the potential for erroneous criteria, a number of studies may make invalid assumptions from their data.     

铜中毒引起的秀丽线虫世代间可传递的缺陷

为了研究铜中毒引起的多重生物学毒性是否具有世代间的可传递性.利用秀丽线虫的寿命、体长、后代数目、繁殖速度、运动行为和行为可塑性等参数系统性地分析了铜的多重生物学毒性及其可能的可传递特性.铜中毒导致动物寿命缩短,生长发育受到抑制,出现产卵器发育畸形,世代时间延长,后代数目降低,运动行为也发生缺陷.这些多重缺陷具有浓度依赖性.此外,铜中毒引起的这种多重生物学毒性和行为毒性是可以传递给后代的,而且,后代中一些特定的缺陷比当代更加严重,如运动行为与行为可塑性等.依据这种可传递特性可将铜中毒所导致的多重缺陷分为4个类型.结果表明,秀丽线虫铜中毒引起的多重生物学缺陷很大程度上是可以传递给后代的.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.