贵州喀斯特地貌区聚落的垂直分异探讨

喀斯特自然环境的垂直性导致了喀斯特地区的聚落存在垂直空间分布的现象.掌握喀斯特地貌区聚落的垂直分异规律对区域城镇规划和社会主义新农村建设有重要意义.本研究以喀斯特面积分布最广的贵州省为研究区域,选取三个具代表性的典型地貌类型区,运用GIS相关软件和分析方法,通过对等高线数据的空间转换和与居民点数据的叠置等技术得到各个研究区的居民点在不同高程、坡度和坡向上的分布情况,依此分析喀斯特高原盆地区、高原山地区、高原峡谷区聚落的垂直分布特点.研究结果表明,三种地貌类型区的聚落垂直分布有一定的特点和规律可循,且不同喀斯特地貌类型下的聚落有不同的垂直空间分布特点；喀斯特地区聚落垂直分异与区域喀斯特地貌密切相关,表现在地貌垂直空间差异越大,聚落垂直空间差异越大；并且,垂直性加剧了喀斯特聚落空间差异的复杂性.最后得出结论,垂直分异是喀斯特聚落空间分布的主要特点,喀斯特地貌是形成喀斯特地区聚落垂直分异规律的前提条件.     

上海城市人居生态质量综合评价研究

基于上海城市气象站点数据、卫星遥感反演的土地利用数据、气象灾情记录数据和植被叶面积指数数据,运用层次分析法结合专家咨询法,建立了上海城市人居生态质量评价指标体系,并综合应用遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析技术,从湿润指数、气象灾害指数、水体密度指数、植被覆盖指数和植被质量指数开展了上海城市250m空间格网的人居生态质量评价和等级划分。结果表明:建立的评价指标体系对上海城市人居生态质量评价是可行的,上海人居生态质量在多数地区都为良或一般等级,在闵行、宝山和嘉定一些地区以及青浦和浦东个别地区人居生态质量为差,而在崇明北部和南部一些地区以及浦东、南汇和奉贤沿海极少地区人居生态质量为优等级。     

Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece

One year after the 7 September 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece, we investigated the psychological consequences among 305 individuals (71 per cent female) residing in the settlements of Ano Liosia Municipality. Adaptability was difficult (63 per cent) due to limited space (50 per cent). Insecurity feelings were predictive of difficult adaptability (chi2= 29.8, p<0.0001) and were common (63 per cent) among married subjects, independent of age (chi2= 5.0, odds ratio (OR): 0.49, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 0.26-0.90). Eighty per cent expressed stress feelings, mainly nervousness/tension (60 per cent). Adaptability (chi2= 5.3, OR: 0.5, 95 per cent CI: 0.27-0.9), age (chi2= 6.5, OR: 1.03, 95 per cent CI: 1.01-1.06), and female gender (chi2= 4.7, OR: 0.48, 95 per cent CI: 0.25-0.90) were independent predictors of stress feelings. The majority (55 percent) developed sleep disorders, chiefly insomnia (60 percent). Adaptability problems were the only predictor of sleep disorders (chi2= 6.4, OR: 0.5, 95 per cent CI: 0.33-0.87). Psychiatric medication use increased after the earthquake.     

城市化与城市人居环境关系的定量研究--以大连市为例

本文以大连市为例．通过一系列的实证资料。建立数学模型．对城市化进程与城市人居环境的相互关系进行了研究，发现大连城市化水平与城市人居环境之间有很大的一致性．城市化水平越商，城市人居环境越好，反之，城市化水平越低，人居环境越差；并提出了大连城市发展的思路。     

Towards guidelines for post‐disaster vulnerability reduction in informal settlements

Although the development community has long recognised that securing land tenure and improving housing design can benefit significantly informal settlement residents, there is little research on these issues in communities exposed to natural disasters and hazards. Informal settlements often are located on land left vacant because of inherent risks, such as floodplains, and there is a long history worldwide of disasters affecting informal settlements. This research tackles the following questions: how can informal settlement vulnerabilities be reduced in a post‐disaster setting?; and what are the key issues to address in post‐disaster reconstruction? The main purpose of the paper is to develop a set of initial guidelines for post‐disaster risk reduction in informal settlements, stressing connections to tenure and housing/community design in the reconstruction process. The paper examines disaster and reconstruction responses in two disaster‐affected regions—Jimani, Dominican Republic, and Vargas State, Venezuela—where informal settlements have been hit particularly hard.     

欠发达地区山地小城市人居环境建设初探——以巴中市南江县为例

为寻找适合欠发达地区山地小城市人居环境发展的途径。文章通过对南江县人居环境状况进行问卷调查,分析其人居环境的特点和发展中存在的问题,在综合比较后加以分析总结,从而找到了一些促进此类城市人居环境发展的因素,具有一定的代表性意义。     

Active Amplification of the Terrestrial Albedo to Mitigate Climate Change: An Exploratory Study

To date, international efforts to mitigate climate change have focussed on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in the energy, transportation and agriculture sectors, and on sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide in forests. Here, the potential to complement these efforts by actions to enhance the reflectance of solar insolation by the human settlement and grassland components of the Earth's terrestrial surface is explored. Preliminary estimates derived using a static two dimensional radiative transfer model indicate that such efforts could amplify the overall planetary albedo enough to offset the current global annual average level of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases by as much as 30% or 0.76 Wm^{− 2}. Terrestrial albedo amplification may thus extend, by about 25 years, the time available to advance the development and use of low-emission energy conversion technologies which ultimately remain essential to mitigate long-term climate change. While a scoping analysis indicates the technical feasibility of sufficiently enhancing human settlement and grassland albedos to levels needed to achieve reductions in radiative forcing projected here, additional study is required on two fronts. Firstly, the modelled radiative forcing reductions are static estimates. As they would generate climate feedbacks, more detailed dynamic climate modelling would be needed to confirm the stationary value of the radiative forcing reduction that would result from land surface albedo amplification. Secondly, land surface albedo amplification schemes may have important economic and environmental impacts. Accurate ex ante impact assessments would be required to validate global implementation of related measures as a viable mitigation strategy.     

复杂地层旁通道冻结施工过程的模拟与实测分析

采用FLAC3D模拟分析了在复杂地质条件下,采用冻结法修建上海地铁旁通道时,土体的冻胀和融沉的现象。将模拟得到的地表位移与现场实测值进行了对比,结果表明:(1)积极冻胀阶段:地表竖向位移主要发生在旁通道的正上方,随着向两边的延伸,距离隧道中心的距离越大,垂直冻胀量越小。(2)维持冻结阶段:测点因为开挖过程中的继续冻胀位移值随开挖步距先略有增加而后随着开挖量的增加沉降量随之逐步的增大,最终地表发生了明显的变形。(3)融沉阶段:施作完衬砌结构以后进行60天自然解冻过程中,实测位移和计算位移较为一致,研究表明建立的数值分析模型合理、结果可靠。     

住宅小区人居环境适宜性评估初探

本文在对现有住区人居环境评估体系、现代住宅小区人居环境适宜性的含义和特点做出具体分析的前提下,将自然生态、人文生态分为三个层次共计二十六项指标建立了住宅小区人居环境适宜性综合评价指标体系,并运用权重计算方法对实例进行了分析说明,为住宅小区人居环境适宜性问题的进一步研究提供了基础。     

主体功能区视角下芜湖市乡村聚落空间分类与重构

以安徽省芜湖市为实证,以主体功能区为视角,以GIS技术为支撑,通过对乡村地域空间适宜性评价,将乡村聚落地域划分为优先重构区、鼓励重构区、适度重构区、引导重构区和限制重构区五种类型,提出不同的重构模式和对策,为芜湖市乡村聚落转型与空间重构提供科学依据,也为长江沿江地区的乡村聚落重构提供借鉴。