天然沸石吸附技术防治暴雨径流氮磷污染

文章介绍了滇池流域水污染现状，阐明了污染的主要原因。指出了沸石优良的吸附和离子交换性能及影响因素。并结合在控制暴雨径流氮磷污染的现场实验，指出其广阔的应用前景。     

改性催化裂化废催化剂吸附水中氨氮的研究

考察了振荡时期温度、ＰＨ吸附效果的影响，通过吸附热力学实验，探讨了吸附机理，结果表明，温度是影响吸附效果的主要因素；等温吸附规律可用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ模式和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ模式较好地描述；可能的吸附机理为：一是ＮＨ分子通过偶极力和氢键方面吸附，二是ＮＨ４通过离子交换面吸附。     

Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

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降解酚的根瘤菌的研究

对两铢以铺代谢方式降解酚和离体固氮的根瘤菌(代号为:101-3,97-1)的特性进行了研究,其耐酚能力在1200ppm内,五天内能在完全培养基中把300ppm苯酚降解完;在含酚培养基中多次传代后,生长周期加快、产气,而结瘤特性丧失,但离体固氮酶活性比原菌株略有增加。经60ppm的吖啶橙处理后,获得的无质粒菌株,其降解酚的能力和结瘤特性完全消失,TTC(3-苯基-4-氮唑化氯)还原性增加,而革兰氏染色反应、运功性不变。     

三峡库区典型小流域氮磷流失特征

为揭示三峡库区农业非点源物氮、磷流失的一般规律,以三峡库区秭归县的张家冲小流域为研究对象,自2005年1月至2006年4月,在自然降雨条件下,同步观测降雨、地表径流量,并对2次降雨径流的全过程进行了氮、磷浓度的测定,对降雨过程中径流量及污染物浓度随降雨-径流变化过程进行了监测研究.结果表明,长期干旱后的初期降雨径流中的氮、磷浓度明显高于雨季径流中的浓度,且氮、磷浓度变化与流量变化呈现出大致相同的趋势.降雨初期,氮、磷浓度随径流量的增大而升高;随着流量的继续增大,浓度呈现出下降趋势.对浓度随流量变化过程的监测表明,与基流中的浓度相比,总氮和硝态氮的浓度变化幅度较小,而氨氮和总磷浓度变化的幅度较大,其最大值分别是其最小值的10和67.5倍.溶解性的氨氮排放主要受降雨条件的制约,而径流中的磷主要是以颗粒态存在通过对径流量和氮、磷排放负荷的多项式回归分析表明,TN、TP、NH4 -N和NO3--N的排放负荷和径流量之间存在着多项式关系,R2分别为0.9545、0.9740、0.9677和0.9504.     

生物陶粒流化床-污泥滤层脱氮工艺的试验研究

采用生物陶粒流化床-污泥滤层工艺对含氮有机废水处理进行试验研究,研究结果表明:系统内可固着生长不受抑制的硝化菌种群,氨氮去除率可以达到93%￣95%;三相分离区形成稳定的污泥滤层,可使总氮去除率得以显著提高;当HRT为1.5h,曝气量为0.25m3/h,BOD容积负荷为9.2～10.4BOD5/m3.d,总氮容积负荷0.65kgTN/m3.d条件下,可得到BOD5的去除率85%,总氮去除率74%的处理效果。     

全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用

应用土壤流失方程(USLE),根据我国土壤水力侵蚀分类分级标准,建立了大尺度区域土壤侵蚀量的估算模型;基于GIS技术平台,利用土壤普查数据,构建了全国表层土壤氮磷含量数据库,完成了2000年全国境内水土流失影响下吸附态氮磷的流失量估算.经数据合理性分析验证后得出以下结论:(1)全国因水土流失引发的吸附态氮素和磷素的流失总量分别达到104.22×104t和34.65×104t;(2)长江、珠江和黄河三大流域的吸附态氮、磷流失量之和分别占全国总量的83%和89%,单位面积(1km2)吸附态氮、磷的流失量分别介于6.0×10-4～0.53t和2.1×10-4～0.13t之间;(3)吸附态氮的重点流失区主要分布在长江中上游水土易蚀区、黄河中游沟壑区、西辽河上游区、珠江流域红水河、西江等上游区以及怒江、澜沧江下游区.     

MAP法处理氨氮废水最佳条件的研究

MAP法是一种比较新颖有效的处理氨氮的方法，该方法是通过化学沉淀的方式使废水中的氨氢浓度降到很低。而且沉淀反应不受温度、水中毒素的限制。由单项试验以及正交实验的方法对MAP法处理氨氮废水的工艺进行优化研究，结果表明，在pH=8.5，反应时间为3h,Mg:N:P=1:3:1.0:1.1时为较佳反应条件；氨氮的去除率随着反应时间的增加而增加，随着Mg:N比值的增加而增加。     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.     

A Sensitivity Analysis of Nitrogen Losses from Dairy Farms

International attention has focused on agricultural production systems as non-point sources of pollution affecting the quality of streams, estuaries and ground water resources. The objective of the current study was to develop a model of nitrogen management on the dairy farm, and to perform sensitivity analyses in order to determine the relative importance of manipulating herd nutrition, manure management and crop selection in reducing nitrogen (N) losses from the farm. The importance of the method of N input to the farm (purchased feed, legume fixation, inorganic fertilizer, imported manure) was investigated, and the potential to reduce N losses from dairy farms was evaluated. Nitrogen balance equations were derived, and related efficiency coefficients were set to reference values representing common management practices. Total farm N efficiency (animal product N per N input), and N losses per product N were determined for different situations by solving the set of simultaneous equations. Improvements in animal diet and management that increase the conversion of feed N to animal product by 50% would increase total farm N efficiency by 48% and reduce N losses per product by 36 to 40%. In contrast, reducing losses from manure collection, storage and application to improve the percentage of manure N that becomes available in soil by 100% would only improve total farm N efficiency by 13% and reduce total N losses by 14%. Selecting crops and management that can use soil nutrients 50% more efficiently would improve total farm efficiency by up to 59% and reduce N losses by up to 41% depending on the predominant nitrogen sources to the farm. Legume production would reduce N losses per product compared with non-legumes. There was more than a five fold difference in N losses per animal product N between the most extreme scenarios suggesting considerable opportunity to reduce N losses from dairy farms.