非常规天然气采出水处理现状及建议

介绍了非常规天然气采出水水质特点与回用要求,分析了预处理、二级处理、脱盐处理等单元的技术研究进展与潜在问题。分析认为:非常规天然气采出水水质复杂,呈现高COD、高TDS、高硬度、高氯化物等水质特征;针对有机物脱除难题,需进一步开发耐盐催化氧化技术、耐盐生化技术和高效抗污染膜浓缩新工艺;脱盐处理等单元应通过高级氧化工艺进一步降低有机物含量,促进浓缩结晶系统的稳定运行和结晶盐的资源化。     

TiO2表面沉积Ag粒子及其可见光下降解含盐废水中的苯酚

为了制备可见光激发下能高效降解含盐废水中有机物的光催化剂,首次以商用TiO_2光催化剂(P25)为载体,利用吸附相反应技术一步获得了Ag沉积的可见光响应复合光催化剂.同时,通过XPS、TEM、HRTEM及紫外可见漫反射光谱图,结合多种高含盐水体系中苯酚的光催化降解过程,研究了不同Ag沉积对催化剂可见光活性的影响.结果发现,吸附平衡后P25表面富含水的吸附层可作为反应和粒子的生成场所,生成量子尺寸的Ag粒子.另外,在吸附层中生成的Ag粒子均匀分布于P25表面并与之紧密结合,并在TiO_2晶格结构中引入晶格交错结构.Ag与TiO_2的表面等离子体共振效应和晶格交错结构共同提升了催化剂的可见光响应和电荷的分离效率,增强了催化剂对苯酚的可见光催化性能.在含盐废水体系中,盐离子数量越多,催化剂在可见光下降解苯酚过程受到的干扰越大.     

复合有机污染物在含水层介质表面的吸附性能

为明确氯代烃芳香烃类复合污染物在含水层介质上的吸附特性,选取甲苯、苯、1,2-二氯丙烷,1,2,3-三氯丙烷（TCP）作为典型污染物开展吸附试验,结果表明吸附过程符合Henry线性模型,分配系数K_p值分别为0.38,0.41,0.73,1.00kg/L,污染物在细砂上的吸附强度顺序为甲苯>苯> 1,2-二氯丙烷> TCP;竞争吸附试验结果表明,苯可以明显促进甲苯在细砂介质上的吸附,而甲苯抑制了苯的吸附;1,2-二氯丙烷抑制TCP在细砂介质上的吸附,而TCP对1,2-二氯丙烷的吸附影响并不明显.TCP在含水层介质上的吸附量随甲苯浓度增加而增大;当甲苯初始浓度<2mg/L时,TCP对于甲苯在含水层介质上的吸附起促进作用,当甲苯的初始浓度³2mg/L时,TCP对于其在含水层介质上的吸附起抑制作用.     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

一体式A/O反应器中不同碳硫比对除碳脱臭效率的影响

在污水处理领域同步除碳脱臭研究一直是个难题,本实验开发了一种新型同步除碳脱臭一体式A/O反应器,研究了该一体式A/O反应器处理不同碳硫比有机废水时的同步除碳脱臭功能。结果表明,碳硫比为30∶1时,即进水SO24-浓度为133 mg/L,该反应器总COD去除率可达到95%。在进水SO24-浓度不大于400 mg/L时,中间产物臭气硫化氢气可以完全去除,实现了同步除碳脱臭的功能,减少了在有机废水处理过程中的大量臭气的排放。微生物学角度分析,表明污泥中含有大量的硫细菌。     

不同紫色母岩对景观水体氮磷及有机物去除的影响

选取重庆地区分布面积较广的蓬莱镇组(S1)、沙溪庙组(S2)、飞仙关组(S3)和遂宁组(S4)这4种不同紫色母岩,将其灭菌后加到未灭菌的取自西南大学崇德湖的景观水体中,进行生态缸构建,研究不同紫色母岩理化性质对水体中氮磷及有机物去除的影响.结果表明,实验条件下,S1组对水体总氮、总磷及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别为45.1%、62.3%、90.0%;S4组对水体中COD去除效果最好,去除率为94.5%;实验前后紫色母岩中氨氮含量变化均不明显,说明紫色母岩的吸附作用不是导致水体中氨氮下降的主要因素;砷对硫酸盐还原菌有抑制作用,铜、镁对革兰氏阴性菌有促进作用,水体中微生物多样性与总氮含量正相关;微生物群落结构与环境因子的PCA分析得出母岩通过释放矿质元素影响水体中微生物群落结构及组成,从而影响水体氮磷及有机物去除.     

紫外光固化磷氮类丙烯酸酯的制备及其阻燃性能

报道了多种结构的低粘度多官能团有机磷(甲基)丙烯酸酯的合成,并对其固化膜的阻燃性能和阻燃机理进行了研究,重点讨论了其对于紫外光固化环氧丙烯酸酯和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯固化膜阻燃性能和降解机理的影响,以及有机磷丙烯酸酯体系膨胀机理和阻燃行为.     

气溶胶中有机物的研究进展和前景

首先指出了气溶胶中有机物的研究意义 ,接着介绍了目前对气溶胶中有机物的化学组成、来源和成因、环境和健康效应的认识 ,综述了分析测试方法的研究现状 ,并评述了其研究前景     

Monitoring of Fogwater Chemistry in the Gulf Coast Urban Industrial Corridor: Baton Rouge (Louisiana)

Seventeen fog events were sampled in Baton Rouge, Louisiana during 2002–2004 as part of characterizing wet deposition by fogwater in the heavily industrialized corridor along the Louisiana Gulf Coast in the United States. These samples were analyzed for chemical characteristics such as pH, conductivity, total organic and inorganic carbon, total metals and the principal ion concentrations. The dominant ionic species in all samples were NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻. The pH of the fogwater sampled had a mean value of 6.7 with two cases of acidic pH of 4.7. Rainwater and fogwater pH were similar in this region. The acidity of fogwater was a result of NO₃⁻ but partly offset by high NH₄⁺. The measured gaseous SO₂ accounted for a small percentage of the observed sulfate concentration, indicating additional gas-to-particle conversion of SO₂ to sulfate in fogwater. The gaseous NO_x accounted for most of the dissolved nitrate and nitrite concentration in fogwater. The high chloride concentration was attributable to the degradation of chlorinated organics in the atmosphere. The metal composition was traced directly to soil-derived aerosol precursors in the air. The major metals observed in fogwater were Na, K, Ca, Fe, Al, Mg and Zn. Of these Na, K, Ca and Mg were predominant with mean concentrations > 100 μM. Al, Fe and Zn were present in the samples, at mean concentrations < 100 μM. Small concentrations of Mn (7.8 μM), Cu (2 μM), Pb (0.07 μM) and As (0.32 μM) were also observed in the fogwaters, and these were shown to result from particulates (PM_2.5) in the atmosphere. The contribution to both ions and metals from the marine sources in the Louisiana Gulf Coast was minimal. The concentrations of all principal ionic species and metals in fogwater were 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than in rainwater. Several linear alkane organic compounds were observed in the fogwater, representing the contributions from petroleum products at concentrations far exceeding their aqueous solubility. A pesticide (atrazine) was also observed in fogwater, representing the contribution from the agricultural activities nearby.     

A mixed integer linear programming model for optimisation of organics management in an integrated solid waste system

In this paper, the authors propose a mixed integer linear programming model for designing an Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS) to meet specific economic goals. The model refers to a set of municipalities, known as ‘local basin’, which have to share a common waste management system. At the municipal level the model allows for an identification of the optimal collection service option; at the local basin level, the model provides the optimal waste flow appropriate to the collection service option of each municipality. The model has been applied to a full-scale case study of an area located in southeast Italy. A scenario analysis was carried out to investigate alternative municipal solid waste management options, which fundamentally differ in the organic flow mass rate to be either collected and composted or landfilled. Findings show that an increase in the cost of landfilling determines the optimal collection scenario and the configuration plants tend to recover higher rates of organics in separate collection and thus higher refuse derived fuel productions. The results obtained validate the application of the model in both the strategic planning and operational phases, by supporting public administrators at both municipality and local basin level in decision making and evaluation of technical and economic performances of ISWMSs.