澜沧江梯级水库对汞输运的影响

拦河筑坝对河流中汞的输运产生重要影响,但有关高海拔落差河流中汞的来源及输运特征的认识较为匮乏.以澜沧江为研究对象,监测了筑坝河段水体中汞浓度的年时空变化过程（2017—2018）,量化了梯级水库对汞沿程输运的影响.结果表明,澜沧江水体中汞浓度总体与径流的季节分配呈同步变化趋势,但在上下游因土地利用类型的差异而呈现相反的季节性变化特征.因水库的拦截,溶解态汞与总汞的比值沿程呈上升趋势,加之水库泄水量的沿程增加,共同导致了河流汞通量自上游至下游呈非连续累积的趋势,从144 kg·a^-1增加至788 kg·a^-1.相应地,梯级水库对汞的拦截率自上游至下游由88%逐渐降低至65%.该项研究丰富了对梯级水库中汞的补给和输运的认识.     

A novel approach to estimate and control denitrification performance in activated sludge systems with respirogram technology

Respirogram technology has been widely applied for aerobic process, however, the response of respirogram to anoxic denitrification is still unclear. To reveal such response may help to design a new method for the evaluation of the performance of denitrification. The size distribution of flocs measured at different denitrification moments demonstrated a clear expansion of flocs triggered by denitrification, during which higher specific endogenous and quasi-endogenous respiration rates (SOUR_e and SOUR_q) were also observed. Furthermore, SOUR_q increases exponentially with the specific denitrification rate (SDNR), suggesting that there should be a maximum SDNR in conventional activated sludge systems. Based on these findings, an index R_q/t, defined as the ratio of quasi-endogenous (OUR_q) to maximum respiration rate (OUR_t), is proposed to estimate the denitrification capacity that higher R_q/t indicates higher denitrification potential, which can be readily obtained without complex measurement or analysis, and it offers a novel and promising respirogram-based approach for denitrification estimation and control by taking measures to extend anoxic time to maintain its value at a high level within a certain range.     

皖南丘陵地区小流域氮素径流输出的动态变化

以亚热带北部皖南丘陵地区小流域定位实地观测为基础 ,研究了农林共存小流域氮素径流输出规律。发现小流域氮素径流输出季节性变化明显。降雨和施肥是影响这一变化的重要因子 ,模拟分析表明 ,它们与氮素输出之间具有很好的线性相关关系     

柚园间种作物及施用不同有机肥对土壤与柚果的影响

柚树间种短期经济作物在提高柚园经济效益的同时,还可提高土壤的有机质和N、P、K养分质量分数,改善柚园小区气候,增加有机肥来源。间种物残余体作为绿肥,可显著地提高柚果产量和质量。     

Microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process for treating dairy manure at low pH

This study investigated the treatment of dairy manure using the microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP) at pH 2. An experimental design was developed based on a statistical program using response surface methodology to explore the effects of temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and heating time on sugar production, nutrient release and solids destruction. Temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and acid concentration were key factors affecting reducing sugar production. The highest reducing sugar yield of 7.4% was obtained at 160°C, 0 mL, 15 min heating time, and no H₂O₂ addition. Temperature was a dominant factor for an increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the treated dairy manure. The important factors for volatile fatty acids (VFA) production were microwave temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage. Temperature was the most important parameter, and heating time, to a lesser extent affecting orthophosphate release. Heating time, hydrogen peroxide dosage and temperature were significant factors for ammonia release. There was a maximum of 96% and 196% increase in orthophosphate and ammonia concentration, respectively at 160°C, 0.5 mL H₂O₂ and 15 min heating time. The MW-AOP is an effective method in dairy manure treatment for sugar production, nutrient solubilisation, and solids disintegration.     

Effect of environmental forcing on the fate of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals released by a coastal wastewater pipeline

Discharges of nutrients, urea, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals by a sewage underwater pipeline are analysed in comparison to environmental conditions in a shallow coastal zone. Variable thermo-haline stratifications of the water column and currents in upper (2.62-34.97 cm s^-1) and deeper (0.83-10.91 cm s^-1) layers drive vertical diffusion and lateral transport of wastewaters. Loads of reactive phosphorus (0.13 tons d^-1) and ammonium (1.62 tons d^-1) by the pipeline are not negligible compared to the major river loads in the gulf. High concentrations of urea (≤11.51 μmol N dm^-3) were found in the area of wastewater release. Ammonium uptake (6.14-534 nmol N dm^-3 h^-1) strongly exceeded nitrate uptake (0.19-138 nmol N dm^-3 h^-1), indicating that discharges of ammonium by the pipeline are actively assimilated by plankton community even at low levels of light. Distribution of Zn (≤27.7 ppb), Cu (≤25.6 ppb), Cd (≤0.80 ppb) and Pb (≤13.5 ppb) in the water column and the measurement of their complex-forming capacity in seawater did not indicate a persistent perturbation of the pelagic environment due to heavy metals.     

三峡库区典型退耕还林模式土壤养分流失控制

选择三峡库区典型退耕还林模式,包括园地(茶园)及林地(板栗)与原有坡耕地对照,观测并分析其土壤养分(氮磷)输出途径及数量情况,以评估实施退耕还林工程对流域土壤养分输出的影响.结果表明:1退耕后土壤养分氮磷年流失量(包括随泥沙和地表径流流失的量)减少;总氮(TN)年输出量从大到小依次为坡耕地(2 444.27 g·hm-2)茶园地(998.70g·hm-2)板栗林地(532.61 g·hm-2);总磷(TP)为坡耕地(1 690.48 g·hm-2)茶园地(488.06 g·hm-2)板栗林地(129.00 g·hm-2);与坡耕地比较,退耕还林模式(园地、林地)总氮、总磷年输出载荷分别减少了68.68%和81.75%.2茶园地、板栗林地与坡耕地相比,土壤养分速效态氮流失量明显减少,硝态氮(NO-3-N)输出总量依次为坡耕地(113.79g·hm-2)茶园地(73.75 g·hm-2)板栗林地(56.06 g·hm-2);铵态氮(NH+4-N)养分输出次序为茶园最大(69.34 g·hm-2),坡耕地次之(52.45 g·hm-2),板栗林地最小(47.23 g·hm-2).3硝态氮、铵态氮主要通过地表径流输出,所占总量比例分别为91.4%和92.2%;总氮和总磷主要通过泥沙输出,所占总量比例分别为86.6%和98.4%.通过退耕还林等措施,该地区地表径流以及土壤侵蚀输出明显减少,土壤养分流失得到有效控制.     

黄土高原纬度梯度上的植物与土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征

选取陕西省延安市的富县、甘泉县、安塞县和榆林市的靖边县、横山县、榆阳区为研究区域,测定和分析研究区植物叶片和不同土层土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,阐明植物叶片和土壤化学计量学特征随纬度梯度的变化模式,为预测黄土高原植物营养元素的限制情况和生态系统的土壤养分状况提供依据.结果表明:1在35.95°~38.36°N的纬度范围内,植物叶片C、N、P含量的变化范围分别是336.95~477.38、18.09~33.17和1.07~1.73 mg·g-1,平均值分别为442.9、25.79和1.37 mg·g-1,变异系数分别为11.9%、17.4%和13.3%;植物叶片C、N、P含量与纬度之间存在显著的相关关系,但植物叶片C含量与叶片N、P含量随纬度的变化存在差异:随着纬度的升高,植物叶片C含量随之降低;而叶片N、P含量随之升高.植物叶片C∶N、C∶P均随着纬度的升高,呈现减小趋势;而植物叶片N∶P与纬度的相关关系并不显著.20~10、10~20和20~40 cm这3个土层土壤C和N的空间分布具有一致性,均随着纬度的升高呈指数减小的趋势,且含量随着土层的加深逐级递减;土壤P的空间分布与C、N不同,随着纬度的升高呈现先增加后减少的趋势.0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤C∶N随纬度的升高变化不显著,20~40 cm土壤C∶N随纬度的升高明显下降;3个土层的土壤C∶P、N∶P均随纬度的升高呈指数减少.3植物C、C∶N和C∶P与不同土层的土壤C、N、P均呈现显著的相关关系,植物N、P与土壤C、N呈现显著的相关关系,而叶片N∶P与不同土层土壤的C、N、P相关关系均不显著.研究表明,植物C、N、P含量与纬度之间存在一定的相关性,而植物与土壤的C、N、P含量之间的相关性并不一致,且与全球尺度相比,黄土高原地区草本植物生长更易受磷限制.     

超声-Fenton法对沼液中3种四环素类和3种磺胺类抗生素氧化去除的研究

近年来,各类抗生素被广泛用于畜禽养殖,并经动物代谢后随粪便和尿液排出体外.代谢物通过沼气工程处理后,得到的沼液又多用于灌溉,使得抗生素进入环境被农作物吸收,进而通过食物链的传递对人体产生危害,因此,沼液中抗生素的去除就显得尤为重要.本文选择畜禽养殖中使用较多的6种抗生素作为目标物质,采用超声-Fenton氧化技术进行去除.通过设置单因素实验考察了超声能量密度、H_2O_2浓度、pH值、n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))对抗生素去除的影响,并利用响应曲面法研究了各个因素的交互性影响,拟合出去除抗生素的最优条件.结果表明,通过单因素试验筛选出的最佳反应条件为:pH=4,H_2O_2浓度为0.04 mol·L~(-1),n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))=10,超声能量密度为0.050 kW·L~(-1),在此条件下四环素、土霉素、金霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶的去除率分别为91.90%、93.65%、86.09%、87.30%、77.54%、88.21%;再经由响应曲面法进一步优化实验方案得出优化条件为:pH=3.80,H_2O_2浓度为0.04 mol·L~(-1),n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))=10.9,超声能量密度为0.055 kW·L~(-1),在此条件下四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为92.04%、94.23%、88.46%,磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶的去除率分别为87.98%、80.78%、89.58%,养分TN、TP、TK的保留率分别为99.1%、98.6%、100.2%.可见,超声-Fenton氧化法对沼液中抗生素的去除效果良好,同时又可保留其养分.响应曲面法对优化超声-Fenton氧化去除沼液中的抗生素具有实际应用价值,这为沼液中抗生素的去除提供了一条可能的途径.     

不同光照条件下浒苔与三种赤潮微藻的竞争

针对苏北浅滩水体浊度高、营养盐含量大、且被大多数学者认为是南黄海绿潮起源的实际情况,本文通过室内培养实验,研究了不同光照条件（0~4500lx）下浒苔与中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻和新月菱形藻对营养盐的竞争作用;并与苏北浅滩实际水体光照相结合,评估了浒苔与3种微藻在不同深度下的生理状态.浒苔与微藻的竞争,是决定暴发何种藻华的关键因素之一.结果表明,与3种微藻相比,浒苔对光照的适应性更强,最大日均相对增长率为11.91%/d.微藻与浒苔共培养时,生长情况明显劣于单独培养,中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制率分别为30%~46%,3%~44%,25%~41%,并且不同微藻对竞争作用的响应不同.营养盐监测数据表明,对有限营养盐的争夺是浒苔和微藻竞争作用的主要机制,研究结果为苏北浅滩浒苔绿潮的暴发机制提供了依据.