Classification of different sustainable flood retention basin types

Using a revised version of a previously published expert classification system, a database of potential Sustainable Flood Retention Basins has been developed for Scotland. The research shows that the majority of small and former (often old) drinking water reservoirs are kept full and their spillways are continuously in operation. Utilising some of the available capacity to contribute to flood control could significantly reduce the costs of complying with the European Union Flood Directive. Furthermore, the application of a previously developed classification model for Baden in Germany for the Scottish data set showed a lower diversity for basins in Scotland due to less developed infrastructure. The classification system appears to be robust and has the potential, with minor modifications, to be applied across Europe. The principle value of this approach is a clear and unambiguous categorisation, based on standard variables, which can help to promote communication and understanding between stakeholders.     

A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

溶解氧和光照对狐尾藻衰亡释放氮磷碳的影响

将杀青后的狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)切成0.5～1cm段浸泡于添加氯仿(抑制微生物活性)的装水烧杯中,置于人工气候箱(温度为5℃),考察光照和溶解氧对因植物组织溶解而导致的氮磷碳释放的影响。研究结果表明曝气组总氮释放量平均3.33mg/L,比不曝气组高6.39%。总磷释放量平均15.07mg/L,比不曝气组低50%以上。COD平均释放量66.83mg/L,为不曝气组2倍以上。(1)曝气抑制了硝氮释放。在搅拌作用下,植物残体和水溶液充分碰撞与接触,加速植物残体中氮和碳向水中转化,导致曝气组总氮、氨氮、有机氮和COD升高。曝气组植物残体破碎导致表面积增加对磷吸收的促进程度强于对附着作用的降低以及植物残体磷释放作用的增加,综合作用下导致水中磷浓度降低。曝气抑制了硝氮、总磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性无机磷释放。(2)有光照组总氮、总磷和COD平均浓度分别为3.13,30.53和32.51mg/L,分别为无光照组的1.24,3.28和2.46倍。光照促进狐尾藻总氮、氨氮、硝氮、总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性无机磷及碳的释放,但抑制有机氮释放。     

非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS在三峡库区林农复合小流域模拟效果评定

应用连续农业非点源污染AnnAGNPS模型(Annualized AGricultural NonPoint Source Model)模拟三峡库区林农复合小流域的径流、泥沙和营养物输出,以2003年和2004年的小流域观测数据对模型分别进行校准和验证,并以统计参量决定系数(R2)、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(E)和相对误差(VE)对模拟结果进行评定.结果表明,径流量模型模拟结果误差在可接受范围之内,模型校准期模拟值VE值为5.0%(R2=0.93,p<0.05),验证期内模型VE值为6.7%(R2=0.90,p<0.05);与径流模拟比较,泥沙模拟结果精度较低,校准期内模型VE值为15.1%(R2=0.63,p<0.05),验证期内模型VE值为26.7%(R2=0.59,p<0.05);次降水较小,产生径流和泥沙较少时,模型模拟值则偏高,反之则偏低.氮输出模拟决定系数R2值0.68(p<0.05),略高于磷输出模拟决定系数(R2=0.65,p<0.05).模型对径流输出的模拟精度高于对泥沙和营养物的输出模拟.在三峡库区农林复合小流域应用AnnAGNPS模型模拟农业非点源污染输出满足流域管理要求.     

生态系统结构对太湖有机聚集体理化性质的影响

2007年1~12月对太湖4个不同生态类型湖区水体中有机聚集体(organic aggregates,OA)的丰度、有机质含量和营养盐(N、P)含量及其它水环境因子进行了同步监测.结果表明,①OA是太湖水体中营养盐的一个重要来源,其N、P含量分别占水体中TN、TP的16.5%及43.3%;②水体中OA的丰度与水体的富营养化程度密切相关,随着水体富营养化水平的提高和浮游植物生物量的增加,OA丰度及其中有机质的含量也呈现逐渐上升的趋势;③风浪扰动对太湖水体中OA的理化性质影响较大.OA作为营养盐的一个重要载体,可能是浅水湖泊营养盐循环中的一个关键点.     

固定化微生物技术处理城市微污染河水研究

将陶粒、功能化聚氨酯泡沫(FPUFS)、阿科蔓柔性填料、人工水草等4种不同载体与高效复合菌剂BP35应用于曝气生物滤池(BAF)构成固定化曝气生物滤池(G-BAF),研究固定化微生物技术对城市微污染河水的净化效果.4种G-BAF对NH4+-N、叶绿素和浊度的去除率分别为83.0%~89.0%、77.5%~89.0%和84.4%~95.2%,均大于对COD、UV254和TP的去除效果.FPUFS含有羟基、环氧基和酰胺基等反应性基团,对酶和微生物的负载量大,因此FPUFS-G-BAF对污染物的去除效率高于其余3种G-BAF.水力停留时间(HRT)对4种G-BAF去除NH4+-N的影响均不显著,而对COD的去除效果影响较大.当溶解氧(DO)浓度由2 mg/L升至4 mg/L时,4种G-BAF对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别提高了11.9%~18.0%和12.7%~16.1%.GC-MS分析结果表明,G-BAF工艺能有效地将河水中分子质量较大的难降解有机物降解为小分子物质.     

珠江广州河段着生藻类的群落结构及其与水质的关系

于2007年6月、7月和9月,采用玻璃挂片法对珠江广州河段9个断面处着生藻类的分布状况进行了调查,同时测定了叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、溶解氧、pH等环境因子.本调查共观察到着生藻类35种,主要以丝状绿藻占据优势,其中毛枝藻是绝对优势种,其最高数量百分比达97.4%;而附着在绿藻藻体的一些硅藻,如异极藻、脆杆藻也是常见优势物种.着生藻类数量丰富,为3.16×104-3.06×106cells·cm-2;种类多样性较低,Shannon-Weaver种类多样性指数为0.15～2.68.从总氮和总磷含量来看,珠江广州河段水质为Ⅲ类至Ⅴ类之间.调查期间,2007年7月12日举行了"广州市万人游珠江活动",由于活动期间采取的一些截污治理措施,6月、7月水质特别是广州市区河段水质有所好转;但活动过后,营养盐特别是总磷浓度迅速上升,叶绿素a含量和着生藻类数量急剧增加.研究结果说明,珠江广州河段水质能够得以改善,但需要采取持续而有效的措施防止水质的进一步恶化,才能保证珠江水资源的可持续发展.     

山地草甸退化对土壤速效养分的影响

以江西省武功山草甸为研究对象,分析不同海拔高度(1 600~1 900m)和不同土层(0~20cm和20~40cm)的草甸土壤有机质、p H值和速效养分对草甸退化的响应。结果表明:(1)在武功山草甸区各个海拔,草甸退化均使土壤有机质和速效养分含量有所下降,并且对表层土的影响要大于深层土。(2)草甸退化使得碱解氮和速效磷间的相关性减弱,速效钾和碱解氮、有效磷之间的相关性加强,土壤p H值与碱解氮之间由不显著相关变为极显著负相关(R=-0.637,P0.01)。     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

Climate Sensitivity of Phosphorus Loadings to an Urban Stream

We investigate the sensitivity of phosphorus loading (mass/time) in an urban stream to variations in climate using nondimensional sensitivity, known as elasticity, methods commonly used by economists and hydrologists. Previous analyses have used bivariate elasticity methods to represent the general relationship between nutrient loading and a variable of interest, but such bivariate relations cannot reflect the complex multivariate nonlinear relationships inherent among nutrients, precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. Using fixed‐effect multivariate regression methods, we obtain two phosphorus models (nonparametric and parametric) for an urban stream with high explanatory power that can both estimate phosphorus loads and the elasticity of phosphorus loading to changes in precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. A case study demonstrates total phosphorus loading depends significantly on season, rainfall, combined sewer overflow events, and flow rate, yet the elasticity of total phosphorus to all these factors remains relatively constant throughout the year. The elasticity estimates reported here can be used to examine how nutrient loads may change under future climate conditions.