离子液体支撑液膜萃取分离双酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚

本研究以离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BM IM][PF6])作膜溶剂,利用支撑液膜分离技术,用0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液作萃取溶液将三种环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚、辛基酚和双酚A进行分离。研究结果显示该支撑液膜分离技术对双酚A的萃取效果最好,其次是辛基酚,而壬基酚不被萃取。利用该技术能将三种混合物选择性地进行萃取分离,但萃取时间不宜超过46小时。     

固定化混合菌Z1对制革废水Cr3+和OPnEO的同步去除及其响应面法优化

以微紫青霉菌B5和醋酸钙不动杆H1按照1∶1配置成混合菌Z1,并分别以聚乙二醇、改性秸秆、海藻酸钠对混合菌Z1进行包埋,探究其对Cr~(3+)和OPnEO的同步去除处理情况,结果得到OPnEO的去除率分别为53.42%、46.29%、55.14%;而Cr~(3+)的去除率分别达到58.41%、54.24%、60.95%,确定海藻酸钠为Z1的最佳包埋材料.以Cr~(3+)去除率为响应值,利用Plackett-Burman实验确定Cr~(3+)的初始浓度、pH值、温度为影响混合菌Z1去除Cr~(3+)的3个主要因素;运用最陡爬坡实验设计,结合Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法分析,确定海藻酸钠固定化混合菌Z1在初始pH 7.64、Cr~(3+)初始浓度856.34 mg·L~(-1)、温度30.39℃、OPnEO初始浓度950 mg·L~(-1)、外加2 m L胰蛋白胨条件下培养7 d,Cr~(3+)的去除率达到77.69%,比单因素实验条件下Cr~(3+)的去除率提高7%.     

洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究

对夏季珠江三角洲河流及珠江口表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NPs)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,河流样品中除珠江正干平洲水道口、沙湾水道口及西江虎跳门处NPs值较高分别达98.84、129.82和164.98 ng/L外,其他地点均为<20～40ng/L;伶仃洋及近海表层水NPs含量较低为<10～14ng/L.OP值以澳门内港处最高为8.54ng/L,另外在白鹅潭、沙湾水道口和虎跳门处分别为2.89、2.44、2.12ng/L,其余采样点均低于检测限2ng/L,伶仃洋及近海表层水样OP值低于检测限1ng/L.     

Benzotriazoles, Alkylphenols and Bisphenol A in Municipal Wastewaters and in the Glatt River, Switzerland

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.295 Background Many organic micropollutants occur at trace concentrations in municipal wastewater effluents and in the aquatic environment. Some of these xenobiotic chemicals can be considered as 'emerging' contaminants and some are suspect to have endocrine disrupting effects. Among the latter are nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA), which deserve special attention due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment. The complexing agents benzotriazole (BT) and tolyltriazole (TT) are applied as anticorrosive agents (e.g. in cooling and hydraulic fluids, in antifreezing fluids, in aircraft deicing fluids, in dish washing liquids for silver protection), as antifogging agents and as intermediates for the synthesis of various chemicals. The environmental occurrence of NP and OP is caused by the fact that they are intermediate products (metabolites) in the biodegradation of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants. BPA is globally used for the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins. Methods BT, TT, NP, OP and BPA were quantitatively determined in municipal wastewater effluents in Switzerland and in the Glatt River. The analytes were enriched by solid-phase enrichment. BT and TT were determined underivatized by electrospray LC/tandem MS. Reversed-phase LC was performed on octylsilica columns with isocratic water/methanol elution. Multiple reaction monitoring of the positive ions provided selective and sensitive detection for reliable quantifications. NP, OP and BPA were determined by GC/MS after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide. Results and Discussion BT and TT concentrations in primary and secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants varied from below 10 to 100 μg/L. The ranges of the concentrations in the Glatt River in ng/L were 636–3,690 for BT, 122–628 for TT, 68–326 for NP, 6–22 for OP and 9–76 for BPA. The corresponding mass flows in g/d were 93–1,870 for BT, 18–360 for TT, 24–183 for NP, 1–16 for OP and 2–72 for BPA. The concentrations and mass flows of NP in the River Glatt were drastically lower than the analogous values found 15 years ago. Thus, a substantially decreased environmental exposure can be observed due to the reduction of the use of alkyphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in Switzerland. The current concentrations of NP, OP and BPA are within the ranges reported for weakly impacted surface waters. Conclusion The investigated contaminants occur at quantitatively measurable but varying concentrations in municipal wastewaters and in the Glatt River reflecting their ubiquitous input into wastewaters and their different behaviour during biological wastewater treatment.     

土壤环境中2株典型非离子表面活性剂降解菌的应用效果

采用室内培养法研究菌株B35和T100对土壤微生物区系及非离子表面活性剂(Brij35和TX-100)降解的影响.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂对土壤中的部分微生物有一定的毒害作用,抑制了细菌和放线菌的生长,且TX-100的毒害作用强于Brij35.另外,菌株B35和T100对土壤中非离子表面活性剂Brij35和TX-100有强降解作用,经菌株B35处理后,茶园土和菜园土中的非离子表面活性剂Brij35的降解率分别为67.26%～72.55%和67.86%～82.55%;经菌株T100处理后,茶园土和菜园土中的非离子表面活性剂TX-100的降解率分别为66.02%～70.04%和72.02%～72.27%.微生物活度与有机质含量和毒性物质密切相关.立即接种降解菌的降解作用弱于缓后接种.      

深圳居民膳食壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的风险评估

为了解深圳市居民壬基酚和辛基酚的膳食暴露水平并预测其风险,利用深圳总膳食研究采集的膳食调查数据及代表性膳食样品进行暴露评估:采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取深圳城市区和农村区的244户居民、853人进行家庭膳食调查,利用3d 24h回顾法和称重记账法采集食物消费量数据;同时,采用高效液相色谱-质谱分析手段检测膳食样品中的壬基酚和辛基酚含量;并用风险指数评估人群暴露风险.结果表明,深圳城市区、农村区、深圳市居民的壬基酚膳食暴露水平分别为89.7,128.9,116.2ng/(kg×bw);辛基酚的暴露水平分别为42.7,35.3,39.3ng/(kg×bw).深圳城市区、农村区、深圳市居民壬基酚膳食暴露的风险指数分别为0.02、0.03、0.02,辛基酚的风险指数均为0.0004.深圳市居民壬基酚的膳食暴露水平高于辛基酚,但两者的风险指数均远低于1,暴露风险在可接受范围之内.     

辛基酚的好氧生物降解及微生物群落特征

利用典型的活性污泥实验了辛基酚(octylphenol,OP)的生物降解性能。研究了水力停留时间、OP浓度和碳氮比对OP处理效率的影响,通过实时PCR和PCR-DGGE方法分别分析了微生物群落的总体密度和多样性变化。通过30d的启动,OP在序批式活性污泥典型好氧条件下出现有效生物降解。在OP浓度50～150μg/L整个实验过程中,OP去除率(84%～99%)基本保持稳定。在实验范围内,较长的水力停留时间(12 h)和碳氮比(2∶1)有利于OP生物降解。通过实时PCR方法测定得到系统微生物平均密度约为1.22 g/L,但富碳状态下生物密度增长上升。通过DGGE分离到17种优势基因型,包括了α-proteobacteria(6种)、β-proteobacteria(5种)、γ-proteobacteria(2种)、Actinobacteria(2种)和δ-proteobacteria(1种)群落。α-proteobacteria和δ-proteobacteria菌群密度呈现增长,β-proteobacteria和Actinobacteria菌群中的部分种类密度出现减少,OP在活性污泥中的好氧生物降解可能与α-proteobacteria中的特定类别相关。     

农田土壤中辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解菌的分离

研究针对采自上海孙桥农业园区8个不同来源的农田表层土壤样品(旱田、水田、大棚中的不同作物土壤),以辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OPEOn)为唯一碳源培养,在好氧条件下,观察其生物降解情况,并初步分离得到了六株OPEOn降解菌株(1个真菌,5个细菌),它们能够不同程度地降解OPEOn,利用气相色谱仪(GC)对降解产物进行了表征和鉴别,分别从3个土壤样品中分离得到的菌株对OPEOn降解得最为彻底,为后续研究工作的深入奠定了生物学基础。     

低浓度辛基酚的好氧生物降解特性和群落多样性

利用摇瓶序批式试验研究了好氧菌群对低浓度辛基酚的生物降解特性和群落特征.结果表明,在辛基酚初始浓度水平为200、100、50μg·L-1的条件下,一级反应动力学常数分别为0.131、0.219和0.431d-1,辛基酚浓度升高显示出一定的代谢抑制作用.在pH值为5～9的范围内,弱碱性条件(pH=8)最有利于辛基酚的生物降解.甲醇、葡萄糖、苯酚、酵母浸出物等有机添加物普遍可以改善辛基酚的生物代谢,其中,苯酚和酵母浸出物的促进效果最明显,在200μg·L-1的初始浓度下,辛基酚降解半衰期从5.3d分别降至3.2d和2.3d.与较高浓度烷基酚类污染物试验结果不同,实验过程中发现的主要优势菌以γ-proteobacteria、β-proteobacteria和Firmicutes为主.     

澳门南湾湖钻孔沉积物中烷基酚的初步研究

烷基酚具有环境生物体雌激素效应.澳门南湾人工湖钻孔沉积物中壬基酚的浓度垂直分布在河口沉积环境时期(1970s～1980s)为2.17～5.91μg/g(平均3.66μg/g),在湖泊沉积环境时期(1990s)为0.69～3.04μg/g(平均2.08μg/g);辛基酚浓度分布范围在湖泊沉积环境初期(1990s早期)与河口环境类似,浓度范围为14.33～39.11ng/g(平均20.59ng/g),随后浓度大幅度降低,浓度范围为2.58～6.52ng/g(平均4.25ng/g).河口环境中的烷基酚来源包括珠江三角洲上游水系来源和澳门本地来源,而湖泊环境中则只有澳门本地来源,导致河口沉积环境中烷基酚的污染程度明显重于湖泊沉积环境.烷基酚在钻孔沉积物剖面中的分布规律与区域经济发展及城市废水处理的进程都有一定的关系,同时,沉积过程中上覆泥层中烷基酚具有向填海砂层迁移的特征.