GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST凝胶的制备及对亚甲基蓝吸附性能

采用微波辐射技术,通过接枝共聚反应制备了阿拉伯胶（GA）-g-2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）/丙烯酸（AA）/海泡石黏土（ST）（GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST）复合水凝胶,利用FTIR、XRD、SEM对复合水凝胶进行了表征,研究了水凝胶对水溶液中亚甲基蓝（MB）染料的吸附性能.结果显示：GA、ST和AA与AMPS发生了接枝共聚反应,形成具有均匀三维网络结构的复合水凝胶.0.025g水凝胶可以使体积为50mL、pH值为6.4、浓度为600mg/L的MB溶液的吸附量和吸附率分别达1146mg/g和95.5%,水凝胶具有较好的重复利用性能.Freundlich等温模型和准二级动力学模型能更好地描述吸附过程.热力学研究表明水凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附是自发、吸热和不可逆的过程.该水凝胶可用作阳离子染料和阳离子型污染物的潜在候选生物质吸附剂.     

乙醇汽油对国六直喷汽油车排放特性的影响

选择5台国六直喷汽油车采用3种不同组分的E10乙醇汽油和1种不含含氧化合物的国VI汽油,按照国六排放标准开展了WLTC循环测试,研究乙醇和基础油组分对污染物排放的影响规律.结果表明,多数国六直喷汽油车的CO、THC和PM排放有所降低,NO_x排放无明显差异,PN排放微增,所有样车的CO、THC和PM平均排放降低为6%、7%和14%.E10乙醇汽油中的重质芳香烃含量增高时,PN排放明显增加,PN排放与PMI指数呈现较强的正相关关系.     

黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳采样布点方法研究

采样设计是土壤有机碳研究中面临的首要问题。论文对黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳进行抽样样本代表性评价,对比分析了不同采样方法的样点布设效率,结果表明：1）高塬区合理采样布点方法应为网格布点法,采样点布设格网间隔4 km,网格布点法较随机布点法和联合单元布点法效率分别提高64.3%和31.8%;2）平原区合理采样布点方法应为网格布点法,采样点布设格网间隔2 km,网格布点较随机布点和联合单元布点效率分别提高64.8%和128.8%;3）丘陵区合理采样布点方法应为联合单元布点法,样点布设密度为1个/1 314 hm²,联合单元布点较随机布点和网格布点效率分别提高205.8%和294.2%。     

土地利用方式下土壤有机碳特征及影响因素——以后寨河喀斯特小流域为例

为研究喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳空间分布与土地利用之间的关系,基于网格法在后寨河流域挖掘了2 755个土壤剖面,并采集了22 057个土壤样品。分析了后寨河流域不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度特征。结果表明：后寨河流域土壤有机碳密度主要受人为干扰、土壤厚度与岩石裸露率的制约。不同利用方式土壤有机碳密度（0~100 cm）总体上呈现以下规律：水田>旱地>经果林地>园地>草地>弃耕地>坡耕地>乔灌木林地>乔木林地>荒地>灌木林地>灌草地。后寨河流域100 cm土壤有机碳平均碳密度为8.70 kg/m²,低于中国土壤有机碳平均密度10.83 kg/m²,总有机碳储量为5.39×10⁸ kg。科学合理地进行土地利用方式调整与管理,可以增大喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳储量。     

普伐他汀的光催化降解性能及机理研究

通过水热法合成Bi₂WO₆,并利用XPS,XRD,BET,UV-Vis和SEM等方法对样品进行了表征;通过光催化性能实验考察了Bi₂WO₆投加量,溶液pH值对普伐他汀（PR）降解效果的影响;通过自由基捕获实验及中间产物的鉴定探明了Bi₂WO₆光催化降解PR过程的主要活性自由基,中间产物及降解机理,并采用发光细菌急性毒性试验评估了PR降解前后的毒性.结果表明,所制备的Bi₂WO₆是由大量纳米片组成的正交晶系花瓣状微球,各元素物质的量比为Bi：W：O=2.5：1：6.7,比表面积为26.67m²/g,带隙能为2.74eV;光催化性能结果表明,对于10mg/L PR,当溶液pH=6.5,Bi₂WO₆投加量为0.4g/L时降解效果最佳,降解率可达80.6%,矿化度为40.2%;自由基捕获实验结果表明降解过程中h⁺起主要的氧化作用,·OH和·O₂^-的氧化起辅助作用.基于活性自由基和中间产物的鉴别结果提出了Bi₂WO₆光催化降解PR的机理,即以h⁺为主,·OH和·O₂^-为辅联合攻击PR分子中C－C键,C＝C双键,酯键等化学键,进而将其分解为易降解小分子有机物.另外,毒性测试结果表明PR经光催化降解后的小分子产物与PR原液相比毒性并没有增强.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

Suspended particulate mercury associated with tidal fluxes in a lagoon environment impacted by cinnabar mining activity (northern Adriatic Sea)

The Isonzo River has been demonstrated to be a continuing point source of mercury(Hg)in the Gulf of Trieste although the Idrija mine was last active in 1996. The present study aims to investigate the role of the suspended particulate matter(SPM) associated with tidal fluxes to disperse particulate Hg(PHg) into the Grado coastal lagoon system. PHg concentrations(avg. 3.11 ± 2.62 μg/g, d.w.), notwithstanding the ebb or flood tides, were significantly higher than the local sediment background(0.13 μg/g). The relative affinity of Hg for the particulate phase in surface waters was confirmed by higher average distribution coefficient(Kd) values(5.6–6.7). PHg contents showed the highest values in ebb tide conditions, thus suggesting their origin from the erosion of tidal flats and saltmarshes of the lagoon. When compared to river discharge, high PHg surface concentrations in flood tide are related to rainfall events occurring within the river basin. Results can be used to make an indicative assessment of the amount of Hg bound to SPM which is transported in and out of the lagoon basin following the action of tidal fluxes. A simple estimation provides a negative budget for the Grado lagoon sub-basin which loses between 0.14 and 1.16 kg of PHg during a tidal semi-cycle. This conclusion is in agreement with the evidence of morphological deterioration which has emerged from recent studies on the lagoon environment, and which testifies to a current sedimentary loss from the lagoon into the northern Adriatic Sea.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

基于SOM-SVM组合分类器的涂层防护性能研究

目的为避免EIS,EN技术可能出现的问题,建立一个准确、高效的评价模型,以探究现役军用有机涂层防护性能。方法利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、电化学噪声(EN)技术分析了两种军车有机涂层在循环暴露试验中的腐蚀行为,提取低频阻抗模值|Z|_(0.1 Hz)与涂层噪声电阻R_n两种电化学评价参数作为自组织神经网络(SOM)的输入训练样本,同时结合支持向量机(SVM)方法建立涂层防护性能组合分类器。结果将涂层失效过程自适应地分为涂层防护性能良好、防护性能下降、基本失效三个阶段。结论所建立的SOM-SVM组合分类器对于辅助分析涂层防护性能具有可行性。     

水稻土中五氯酚的降解转化动态及其对微生物群落的影响

采用室内培养实验,研究厌氧条件下水稻土中五氯酚(Pentachlorophenol,PCP)的还原转化与微生物群落组成变化。结果表明,室内培养实验条件下,PCP在水稻土样品中降解比较迅速,在反应17 d时,实验添加的PCP能够完全被还原转化。高通量测序结果显示PCP的添加明显改变了水稻土壤的微生物群落结构,其微生物多样性显著下降,在PCP降解完之后逐渐恢复。原始土壤以及添加PCP的土壤样品中其优势微生物主要分布在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。PCP添加刺激了水稻土中伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)、地杆菌科(Geobacteraceae)、红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)和假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)等脱氯相关的微生物菌群繁殖,成为PCP降解过程中的优势菌群,有利于PCP还原降解。本研究结果可为水稻土中有机氯农药污染物的微生物降解脱毒提供理论依据。