Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

3DBER-S-Fe同步脱氮除磷及去除邻苯二甲酸酯的工艺特性

为探究三维电极生物膜耦合硫铁新工艺(3DBER-S-Fe)脱氮除磷并同步去除邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的工艺特性,在水力停留时间(HRT)分别为8、6、4 h条件下,研究分析了系统内总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、NO-3-N、SO2-4及pH的变化情况.结果表明,3DBER-S-Fe系统具有较好的脱氮除磷及PAEs去除效果.当水力停留时间为8、6、4 h时,TN去除率分别为80.99%、78.85%、64.76%;TP去除率分别为65.18%、67.17%、43.44%;DBP去除率分别为96.72%、97.32%、96.53%;DEHP去除率分别为91.89%、81.57%、74.30%.在3DBER-S-Fe系统内,存在异养、氢自养、硫自养反硝化脱氮过程,当HRT由8h缩短到4h时,单质硫可以弥补进水NO-3-N负荷增加所导致的反硝化电子供体相对不足问题,维持系统高效的脱氮效率;系统中海绵铁填料腐蚀产生的铁离子能够高效持续沉淀除磷;3DBER-S-Fe工艺结合了物理吸附、生物降解及电化学作用,使其在不同HRT条件下具有较高的DBP与DEHP去除率.     

邻苯二甲酸酯在三峡库区消落带非淹水期土壤中污染特征及健康风险

本研究利用超高效液相色谱飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF~-MS)分析了三峡库区8个消落带河段土壤样品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的浓度水平,探讨了其组成特征,通过相关性分析和主成分分析阐明了其可能的来源,并且采用健康风险模型评价了PAEs在消落带土壤中的人群健康风险.结果表明,ΣPAEs在三峡库区消落带的含量(以干重计,下同)范围为322.0~737.3 ng·g~(-1),平均值为497.2 ng·g~(-1),处于文献报道的较低水平;DIBP是丰度最高的同系物单体,其次是DBP和DEHP,三者平均贡献率为94.5%,然而DEHP并不是主要污染物,这可能由于在淹水状态下消落带土壤向水体释放DEHP,但DEHP在土壤微生物中降解也不能完全排除;DMP、DEP、DBP和DIBP两两之间具有极显著正相关性,同时结合主成分分析,表明4种PAEs可能具有相同来源.人群暴露6种PAEs的日均摄入量均未超过美国EPA规定的参考剂量(Rf D),并且6种PAEs单体的致癌风险均远低于美国EPA规定的可接受致癌风险值,但是DBP的日均摄入量占总PAEs的60%~84%,因此,在三峡库区消落带耕作过程中应预防DBP带来的潜在健康风险.     

污泥中有机磷酸酯检测的预处理优化

基于“富集（加速溶剂萃取）+净化+检测”的步骤，进行污泥取样量、萃取条件、净化柱类型、淋洗液极性和洗脱液极性的优化.确定了0.2g污泥取样量、130℃萃取温度、1：1（V/V）的丙酮/二氯甲烷混合溶液为萃取剂、氨基柱净化、2：5（V/V）的二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶液为淋洗液、二氯甲烷为洗脱液，最后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱对有机磷酸酯进行定性定量检测.结果表明，各物质的基质加标回收率均在60%~120%之间，基质效应也基本控制在±15%.净化方法同样适用于污水样品，用此方法成功测定了北京市某污水处理厂各工艺单元的水相及固相样品，显示出良好的适用性.     

邻苯二甲酸酯的摇瓶生物降解规律研究

用好氧活性污泥对 9种邻苯二甲酸酯进行了摇瓶生物降解研究 ,结果表明 ,邻苯二甲酸酯的摇瓶降解速率符合一级动力学 ,速率常数 (kb)与化合物的分子结构之间存在相关关系 ,其表达式为lnkb=0 0 2 6 2x2 - 0 6 6 7x +2 15 2 (r =0 976 ) ;降解半衰期与烷基链之间也存在相关性 ,表达式为t1 2 =0 0 391x2 +0 0 95 3x - 0 0 2 5 9(r=0 972 ) .邻苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMP)浓度超过 6 0mg·L-1时 ,其自身降解速率下降 ,邻苯二甲酸盐浓度超过 5 0 0mg·L-1时 ,对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP)的降解有抑制作用     

Prospects and limitations of phytoremediation for the removal of persistent pesticides in the environment

The environmental problems that have arisen from the use of persistent pesticides in the past, and potential sources of further contamination have been discussed. The potential and limitations of phytoremediation for removal of pesticides in the environment have been reviewed. The enzymatic processes in plants that are known to be involved in phytodegradation of pesticides, and possibilities for enhancing them have also been discussed.     

Chemical recognition of queen cells by honey bee workersApis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Summary Honey bee workers are able to nurse or to destroy and thus to recognize the capped queen cells containing a pupa. Fatty acid esters, especially methyl oleate, methyl palmitate and ethyl oleate were found in significant amounts on the queen pupal cuticle. Methyl oleate, the major component, along with smaller amounts of methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, were involved in the recognition of queen cells by workers. In natural conditions of the colony, queen cells containing a paraffin pupal lure with methyl oleate were accepted 5.9 days by workers, releasing about 1.8 queen pupa equivalents during that period, when control cells (without ester) were kept only 2.1 days. Although these esters are non specific to honey bees, they are of great importance in social regulation of the honey bee colony.     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

Biodegradation of phthalate esters in polluted soil by using organic amendment

This study investigated the biodegradation of the phthalate esters (PAEs) di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in sludge and sludge-amended soil. DBP (100 mg kg^?1) and DEHP (100 mg kg^?1) were added to sewage sludge, which was subsequently added to soil. The results showed that sewage sludge can degrade PAEs and the addition of sewage sludge to soil enhanced PAE degradation. Sludge samples were separated into fractions with various particle size ranges, which spanned 0.1–0.45 μm to 500–2000 μm. The sludge fractions with smaller particle sizes demonstrated higher PAE degradation rates. However, when the different sludge fractions were added to soil, particle size had no significant effect on the rate of PAE degradation. The results from this study showed that microbial strains F4 (Rhodococcus sp.) and F8 (Microbacterium sp.) were constantly dominant in the mixtures of soil and sludge.     

In-field variation in 2,4-D mineralization in relation to sorption and soil microbial communities

This study was undertaken to assess 2,4-D mineralization in an undulating cultivated field, along a sloping transect (458 m to 442 m above sea level), as a function of soil type, soil microbial communities and the sorption of 2,4-D to soil. The 2,4-D soil sorption coefficient (Kd) ranged from 1.81 to 4.28 L kg^?1, the 2,4-D first-order mineralization rate constant (k) ranged from 0.04 to 0.13 day^?1 and the total amount of 2,4-D mineralized at 130 days (M₁₃₀) ranged from 24 to 39%. Both k and M₁₃₀ were significantly negatively associated (or correlated) with soil organic carbon content (SOC) and Kd. Both k and M₁₃₀ were significantly associated with two fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), i17:1 and a18, but not with twenty-two other individual FAME. Imperfectly drained soils (Gleyed Dark Grey Chernozems) in lower-slopes showed significantly lesser 2,4-D mineralization relative to well-drained soils (Orthic Dark Grey Chernozems) in mid- and upper-slopes. Well-drained soils had a greater potential for 2,4-D mineralization because of greater abundance and diversity of the microbial community in these soils. However, the reduced 2,4-D mineralization in imperfectly drained soils was predominantly because of their greater SOC and increased 2,4-D sorption, limiting the bioavailability of 2,4-D for degradation. The wide range of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization in this undulating cultivated field is comparable in magnitude and extent to the variability of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization observed at a regional scale in Manitoba. As such, in-field variations in SOC and the abundance and diversity of microbial communities are determining factors that require greater attention in assessing the risk of movement of 2,4-D by runoff, eroded soil and leaching.