Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT. .Eighteen rural lakes in Lubbock County were sampled on a routine basis following runoff-producing rainfall for a period of approximately eighteen months to determine whether or not runoff from intensively farmed agricultural areas contained significant concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, herbicides, or insecticides. An additional fifteen lakes lying within a triangle bounded by the cities of Plainview, Canyon, and Hereford, Texas, were sampled one time during the summer of 1969 to provide additional data regarding the nature and extent of the potential problem in an area with a different soil type and a slightly different cropping pattern. Based on results of detailed analyses of approximately two hundred samples of water collected from the lakes and an equal number of sediment samples collected from the same lakes at the same time, it appears that the concentrations of all chemical pollutants in runoff from agricultural lands in the High Plains are well below the allowable concentrations for drinking water.     

METABOLIC RESPONSES OF AQUATIC BACTERIAL POPULATIONS TO SELECTED INSECTICIDES1

ABSTRACT: Indigenous bacterial populations from a fresh water reservoir were treated by adding five mg/1 Sevin or Malathion to the water at 23, 28, and 33 C. The degradation of Sevin was evidenced by the increased uptake of O₂ as measured by Warburg manometry. The principal degradation product of Sevin, 1-naphthol, appeared to stimulate metabolic activity of these populations to the same extent as the parent compound. The addition of Malathion to this system appeared, on the other hand, to suppress metabolic activity to some degree. Warburg manometry was shown to be a useful, rapid method for detecting effects of insecticides on aquatic microbial populations.     

Introduction

Abstract

Eight pairs of O‐methyl and O‐ethyl O‐(substituted‐phenyl) phenylphosphonothionates were evaluated with respect to their delayed neurotoxic activity in hens. O‐methyl compounds were in all cases more active than their O‐ethyl analogs. The neurotoxic potential of the O‐methyl phenylphosphonothionates was 2,5‐diCl >4‐NO₂ >2,4,5‐triCl and 2,4,6‐triCl >2,4‐diCl >2,5‐diCl‐4‐Br >4‐CN, when single oral doses were given. Both EPN‐ethyl and leptophos‐raethyl were more neurotoxic in multiple dermal than multiple oral dosing regimens. LD₅₀s for mice and flies were established.     

Sorption‐desorption kinetics of some organochlorine insecticides in silt‐water suspensions

Kinetic (batch) sorption and desorption experiments for some organochlorine insecticides in silt‐water suspensions are described. The effect of possible experimental artifacts on the results is examined. The influence of the silt/water ratio on the linear sorption coefficient and on the “nonextractable”; solute fraction is determined. The sorption process is described in terms of some kinetic models.     

有机磷农药对蛋白核小球藻的毒性相互作用研究

水体中农药复合污染产生的毒性效应具有潜在风险。为系统考察有机磷农药(OPs)混合物对淡水生态系统中绿藻的联合毒性效应,以马拉硫磷(MIT)、敌敌畏(DDVP)、敌百虫(TRC)、乐果(DIT)和氧乐果(OMT)等5种OPs作为混合物组分,运用直接均分射线法设计9组二元混合物体系共45条混合物射线。利用96孔微板测定5种OPs及其二元混合物对蛋白核小球藻(C. pyrenoidosa)的生长抑制毒性,通过基于置信区间的组合指数法分析混合物的联合毒性及毒性相互作用。结果表明,以p EC50为毒性指标,5种OPs对C. pyrenoidosa的毒性大小顺序为:TRCMITDDVPOMTDIT,OPs对C. pyrenoidosa的毒性大小受其中心磷原子的电正性影响;因混合组分的不同,部分OPs混合物对C. pyrenoidosa的联合毒性依赖于组分浓度比; OPs混合物对C. pyrenoidosa的毒性相互作用以加和为主,部分发生拮抗作用,发生拮抗作用的混合体系具有低效应区域呈加和作用,高效应区域呈拮抗作用的规律;与MIT混合的体系均有发生拮抗作用,且依赖于MIT浓度,MIT浓度比例越高,拮抗作用越强,OPs混合物的毒性相互作用与组分浓度比相关; OPs混合物的毒性相互作用组分浓度比依赖性与其联合毒性的组分浓度比依赖性规律不相关。     

有机磷农药废水碱性水解生物处理技术

本文报道了碱性水解和生物氧化两步法,处理有机磷农药-乐果、甲胺磷生产废水的研究结果.废水经碱性水解后,COD和有机磷浓度基本不变,但可生化性有明显改善.在遵循常规生物处理必须满足的条件下,碱性废水进一步用间歇或连续活性污泥法处理.COD去除率90%左右,有机磷去除率85%以上,有机磷含量以毒性磷计小于0.5mg/L.深入考察了碱解剂种类、水溶液的pH和温度等各种因素对碱性水解的影响,结果表明:NaOH作碱解剂时的碱解速率比Ca(OH),提高28%;碱解速率随pH和温度的升高而增大,pH每增加一个单位,碱解速率增加2～11倍;温度每升高10℃,碱解速率增加2～5倍.     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药

探讨同时测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药残留量的方法.蔬菜样品经前处理后用气相色谱仪测定甲胺磷、敌敌畏、乙酸甲胺磷、氧化乐果、甲拌磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷等8 种有机磷农药残留量,测定了方法的回收率和精密度,分析了干扰情况.上述8 种农药的平均回收率分别为99.0%,96.0%,130.4%,101.3%,95.9%,99.4%,92.4%,91.0%,变异系数分别为6.91%,6.09%,9.23%,9.63%,9.18%,7.01%,6.82%,7.50%.该方法操作简便,回收率和精密度较好,干扰少.     

有机磷农药在土壤环境中的降解转化

有机磷农药是世界上应用最广泛的农药种类之一 ,它属于比较容易降解的、对环境污染较小的农药。从有机磷农药的性质出发 ,着重讨论了有机磷农药的水解、光解和微生物降解 ,这也是有机磷农药在土壤中的主要降解转化过程     

污水处理厂中有机磷阻燃剂的污染特征

为了研究污水处理厂中有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants,OPFRs)的污染特征,于2017年采集苏州市8个污水处理厂(7个A2/O工艺与1个氧化沟工艺)的进水、二沉池出水、污水厂出水、生物池污泥以及脱水剩余污泥.采用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取方法测定了污水与污泥中10种OPFRs的浓度,并比较了两种不同工艺各个工艺段OPFRs的去除效果,估算了最终排入环境的日均排放量.结果表明:7种OPFRs在进水、出水、污泥中均有检出,进水和总出水中OPFRs总浓度范围分别为0.74~222.65μg·L~(-1)和0.46~175.41μg·L~(-1),均值分别为65.56μg·L~(-1)和22.99μg·L~(-1);二沉池出水中OPFRs总浓度为0.48~178.14μg·L~(-1),均值为43.14μg·L~(-1);估算污水厂出水中OPFRs日排放量为36.69~2 177.12 g·d~(-1).剩余污泥中OPFRs总含量(以干重计)范围为89.32~596.24μg·g~(-1),均值(以干重计)为249.35μg·g~(-1),剩余污泥中OPFRs的日排放量最小为3.57~7.15 kg·d~(-1),最大为47.70~95.40 kg·d~(-1).氧化沟工艺对OPFRs有较好去除,去除率达到92%;A_2/O工艺则为11%~99%,差异性较大.3种氯代类的OPFRs[分别为磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯]是进水与出水中主要成分,主要由于氯代OPFRs的使用量大和传统污水处理技术对其去除率低.