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41.
为了研究污水处理厂中有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants,OPFRs)的污染特征,于2017年采集苏州市8个污水处理厂(7个A2/O工艺与1个氧化沟工艺)的进水、二沉池出水、污水厂出水、生物池污泥以及脱水剩余污泥.采用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取方法测定了污水与污泥中10种OPFRs的浓度,并比较了两种不同工艺各个工艺段OPFRs的去除效果,估算了最终排入环境的日均排放量.结果表明:7种OPFRs在进水、出水、污泥中均有检出,进水和总出水中OPFRs总浓度范围分别为0.74~222.65μg·L~(-1)和0.46~175.41μg·L~(-1),均值分别为65.56μg·L~(-1)和22.99μg·L~(-1);二沉池出水中OPFRs总浓度为0.48~178.14μg·L~(-1),均值为43.14μg·L~(-1);估算污水厂出水中OPFRs日排放量为36.69~2 177.12 g·d~(-1).剩余污泥中OPFRs总含量(以干重计)范围为89.32~596.24μg·g~(-1),均值(以干重计)为249.35μg·g~(-1),剩余污泥中OPFRs的日排放量最小为3.57~7.15 kg·d~(-1),最大为47.70~95.40 kg·d~(-1).氧化沟工艺对OPFRs有较好去除,去除率达到92%;A_2/O工艺则为11%~99%,差异性较大.3种氯代类的OPFRs[分别为磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯]是进水与出水中主要成分,主要由于氯代OPFRs的使用量大和传统污水处理技术对其去除率低.  相似文献   
42.
基于微板藻毒性试验测定5个有机磷农药与4个三嗪类农药的单个及联合毒性.根据半数效应浓度(EC50),对斜生栅藻96h生长抑制的毒性大小顺序为:西草净>阿特拉津>扑灭通>苯嗪草酮>草甘膦>敌敌畏>磷胺>乙酰甲胺磷>甲胺磷.这表明直接干扰光合作用电子传输的三嗪除草剂的藻毒性明显大于有机磷农药.以通用浓度加和作为参考模型,三嗪类农药按EC50和EC10(10%效应浓度)浓度比的混合物对斜生栅藻呈现加和毒性.有机磷农药按EC50和EC10浓度比的混合物在低浓度呈现加和毒性,在高浓度呈现协同毒性.有机磷与三嗪类农药按EC50和EC10浓度比的混合物在低浓度为加和毒性,在高浓度为协同毒性.  相似文献   
43.
珠江河口水体有机磷农药的含量与季节变化   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
定期采集珠江口地区3条河涌的水样,分析9种有机磷农药(OPPs)含量及其时空变化规律.监测期间,9种OPPs中有7种被检出,检出率由高到低依次为:甲拌磷(97.5%)、敌敌畏(80.0%)、乙拌磷(77.5%)、灭线磷(15.0%)、乐果(10.0%)、甲基对硫磷(5.0%)、毒死稗(5.0%).∑OPPs浓度为0.46~43.60μg/L,平均为7.25μg/L,与其他地区相比处于较高的污染水平.珠江口有机磷农药的污染状况受季节影响十分显著.从丰水期至枯水期,沙湾水道、蕉门水道、万顷沙∑OPPs均值分别从7.82μg/L降至2.24μg/L,10.58μg/L降至6.46μg/L,13.08μg/L降至3.32μg/L.3条水道水质受农田面积、种植类型等因素的影响,OPPs污染状况和组成有较大的差异.  相似文献   
44.
We studied the analysis of trace amounts of neonicotinoid insecticides by liquid chromatography coupled with a thermal lens spectrometric detector (TLS). This multi-residue analysis method is based on the reversed phase separation on C18 column, isocratic elution and collinear dual beam TLS detection. The insecticides thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid were detected with retention times of 4.4, 5.7, 6.5 and 8.5 min and limits of quantifications of 50, 89, 10, and 25 μg/L, respectively. The retention times agreed well with those obtained by the same chromatographic method but using a diode-array detector (DAD). The limits of quantifications for imidacloprid were identical in both techniques. However, the limits of quantifications for thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and thiacloprid were up to 8.5 times lower using the TLS detector compared to the diode-array detector. The applicability of the developed procedure was tested on spiked river water and potato samples.  相似文献   
45.
This investigation was undertaken to determine the impact of the insecticides Dursban 480 EC (with organophosphate compound chlorpyrifos as the active ingredient) and Talstar 10 EC (with pyrethroid bifenthrin as the active ingredient) on the respiration activity and microbial diversity in a sandy loam luvisol soil. The insecticides were applied in two doses: the maximum recommended dose for field application (15 mg kg?1 for Dursban 480 EC and 6 mg kg?1 for Talstar 10 EC) and a 100-fold higher dose for extrapolation of their effect. Bacterial and fungal genetic diversity was analysed in soil samples using PCR DGGE and the functional diversity (catabolic potential) was studied using BIOLOG EcoPlates at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days after insecticide application. Five bacterial groups (α, β, γ proteobacteria, firmibacteria and actinomycetes) and five groups of fungi or fungus-like microorganisms (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Oomycota and Zygomycota) were analysed using specific primer sets. This approach provides high resolution of the analysis covering majority of microorganisms in the soil. Only the high-dose Dursban 480 EC significantly changed the community of microorganisms. We observed its negative effect on α- and γ-proteobacteria, as the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) decreased until the end of incubation. In the β-proteobacteria group, initial increase of OTUs was followed by strong decrease. Diversity in the firmibacteria, actinomycetes and Zygomycota groups was minimally disturbed by the insecticide application. Dursban 480 EC, however, both positively and negatively affected certain species. Among negatively affected species Sphingomonas, Flavobacterium or Penicillium were detected, but Achromobacter, Luteibacter or Aspergillus were supported by applied insecticide. The analysis of BIOLOG plates using AWCD values indicated a significant increase in metabolic potential of microorganisms in the soil after the high-dose Dursban application. Analysis of respiration demonstrated high microbial activity after insecticide treatments; thus, microbial degradation was relatively fast. The half-life of the active insecticide compounds were estimated within the range of 25 to 27 days for Talstar and 6 to 11 days for Dursban and higher doses stimulated degradation. The recommended dose levels of both insecticides can be considered as safe for microbial community in the soil.  相似文献   
46.
建立了一种用GC-FPD测定土壤中的5种有机磷农药的测定方法,经索氏提取,GPC净化浓缩后直接进样分析。用保留时间定性,外标法定量。5种有机磷农药的回收率为86.5%~103.2%,精密度(以相对标准偏差表示)为2.47%~5.70%;检测限为0.000 1~0.000 2 mg/kg。该方法准确度和灵敏度高,前处理简单,可同时测定土壤中的5种有机磷农药。  相似文献   
47.
We report on trends in agricultural pesticide use from1970 to 1995 inclusive in arable crops on the SouthDowns, West Sussex, U.K. Information is given on theproportion of cropped area treated with pesticides,the percentage spray area, the number of pesticideapplications per field, and the number of compoundsapplied per field for herbicides, foliar fungicidesand insecticides. Compared to national publishedfigures, our data are broadly representative of thenational picture; they provide a complete and detailedtime series whereas national figures are available foronly 7 out of the 26 yr. In general, the areatreated (fungicides, insecticides) and the intensityof use (all three types of pesticide) increased overthe 26 yr. The spectrum of activity of theherbicides applied to arable crops increased from anaverage of 22 weed taxa susceptible in 1970 to 38 weedtaxa susceptible in 1995. The odds on herbicide andfungicide use in break crops were, respectively, 93%and 99% lower than average; odds on insecticide usein spring cereals were 98% lower than average. Comparing winter wheat on the most traditional farm(grass/cereal rotation) with the most modern one(monoculture winter wheat), the proportion of fieldstreated with herbicides was similar, but the odds onbeing treated with fungicides were 129% higher on themodern farm. Insecticides were used in only 2% ofthe fields on the traditional farm, while on themodern farm over the same time period, 79% of thefields were treated. This fits previously observeddifferences in wildlife abundance on the two farms.  相似文献   
48.
Ninety-nine human blood samples were collected from the riverine region of northern Sudan and the traditional and mechanized rain-fed areas of western and eastern Sudan, representing areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) followed by electron-capture detection (ECD). p,p′-DDE (a metabolite of DDT), heptachlor epoxide, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and dieldrin were detected in all locations surveyed. The level of total organochlorine burden was highest in the traditional rain-fed area, followed by the mechanized rain-fed area, and the riverine area. A highly significant correlation was observed between total organochlorine blood burden and the age of the donors (r = 0.608**).  相似文献   
49.
利用60Co-γ辐射降解有机磷农药乙酰甲胺磷的稀水溶液,以乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率为指标,研究了不同吸收剂量下水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷稀水溶液辐照前后的毒性变化;并采用高效液相色谱、离子色谱、气-质联用等检测手段对降解产物进行了分析.结合溶液毒性变化和降解率、生成的无机离子浓度、降解产物结构分析等,初步推导了60Co-γ辐射降解过程中水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷的作用机理.  相似文献   
50.
新烟碱类杀虫剂是目前全球市场占有率最高的一类杀虫剂,它们选择性作用于昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体,以往普遍认为其对非靶标生物毒性较低。然而,越来越多的证据表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂的暴露会对非靶标生物造成负面影响。本文综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂对水生生物、非靶标昆虫、鸟类和哺乳动物等多种非靶标生物的毒性,以及对人类健康的影响。新烟碱类杀虫剂对各类生物均具有急性致死毒性,但不同物种之间半数致死浓度(LC_(50))或半数致死剂量(LD_(50))差别较大,由低至高依次为昆虫(0.01~2.38 mg·L~(-1),3.7~81 ng·bee~(-1))、甲壳动物(0.59~37.75 mg·L~(-1))、鱼类(1.2~241 mg·L~(-1))、鸟类(15~>2 000 mg·kg~(-1))和哺乳动物(82~>5 000 mg·kg~(-1))。新烟碱类杀虫剂对非靶标生物的亚致死毒性表现在降低繁殖力和生长速度、降低活动性、影响神经系统、扰乱代谢平衡、损伤DNA等。总体上看,吡虫啉的毒性最高,呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺的毒性较低。啶虫脒、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的毒性大小顺序随物种不同而不同。对于水生生物和非靶标昆虫,噻虫啉和噻虫胺的毒性较高,而对于鸟类和哺乳动物,啶虫脒的毒性较高。最后针对现有研究的不足,提出了今后的研究方向,以期为该类杀虫剂的风险评估和合理施用提供科学依据。  相似文献   
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