海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价

在分析海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区海域生态系统现状及特点基础上,构建了包含环境、结构、稳定性3个方面24个指标的海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价指标体系,并采用熵权综合指数模型和模糊综合评价模型对保护区的生态系统健康状况进行评价及对比分析。熵权综合指数法评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康趋向亚健康的状态;熵权模糊综合模型评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康状态。由于模糊综合评价模型能反映保护区各生态要素的健康状况,其评价结论更趋近于保护区客观现状,更适用于海洋保护区健康评价。     

平菇菌糠对废水中铜离子的生物吸附性能

针对重金属污染和农业固体废弃物资源化问题,利用平菇菌糠作为吸附剂对废水中Cu2+吸附性能进行研究.通过单因素实验测定pH、吸附时间、温度、Cu2+初始浓度对吸附效果的影响;利用扫描电镜-能谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射对其吸附机制进行了初步探究.结果表明,菌糠浓度为10 g·L-1,pH为6,吸附时间为120 min,吸附温度为30℃,铜离子初始浓度为8mg·L-1的条件下,吸附率可达到74.46%,吸附容量为0.744 6 mg·g-1.实验数据较好地吻合Langmuir吸附等温模型,其相关系数为0.994 9,表明吸附过程主要为单层化学吸附.扫描电镜-能谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射分析显示,平菇菌糠吸附Cu2+过程主要为物理吸附和化学吸附,包括静电吸附、络合和配位等反应,其中起主要作用的基团为—OH、—COOH、—NH等.     

牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖去除水中活性红152

以牡蛎壳(OS)为原料制备一种新型牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖(CCOS)吸附剂,并利用电镜扫描(SEM)、红外(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及热重(TG)分析等方法对吸附剂样品进行表征.同时,研究了吸附剂对活性红152(RR152)的吸附性能,考察了壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、活性红152起始浓度、吸附时间和温度对吸附的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比为0.08,pH值为2时,活性红152的去除率达最大值;活性红152的去除率随着吸附剂用量的增加而增大,当吸附剂用量为0.3g时,活性红152的去除率达83.3%.吸附容量也随着起始浓度的增加而增大,并在150min达到吸附平衡.运用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述.吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程,最大吸附容量在298.15、303.15、308.15和318.15K下分别为135.14、142.86、144.92、149.25mg·g-1.在热力学研究中,ΔG0<0、ΔH0>0、ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程.解吸实验表明,吸附剂用碱液处理再生后,可循环使用4次.     

Impact of Channelization on Oyster Production: A Hydrodynamic-Oyster Population Model for Galveston Bay, Texas

A hydrodynamic-oyster population dynamics model was developed to assess the effect of a change in ship channel configuration under different freshwater inflow regimes and different future hydrologies on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations in Galveston Bay, Texas. The population dynamics model includes the effects of environmental conditions, predators, and the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus on oyster populations. The hydrodynamic model includes the effects of wind stress, river runoff, tides, and oceanic exchange on the circulation of the Bay. Simulations were run for low, mean, and high freshwater inflow conditions under the present (1993) hydrology and predicted hydrologies for 2024 and 2049 that include anticipated water diversion projects to satisfy the freshwater demands of population growth in metropolitan Houston, Texas. Simulation results show that oyster biomass was predicted to increase after enlargement of the ship channel. Oyster biomass is expected to increase on about 53% of total reef acreage when averaged over a 50-yr time span. Oyster reef acreage characterized by increased biomass after channel enlargement increases moderately under the present hydrology and the 2049 hydrology, but decreases slightly in 2024. Lower biomass in 2024 is due to reduced freshwater inflow and increased saltwater intrusion that pushes the optimal areas for oyster growth somewhat farther upbay than in 2049. Declines in oyster biomass, noted in most simulations in downbay reaches, were more than balanced by increased oyster biomass upbay. The differential between upbay and downbay reefs can be explained by an increase in mortality from Perkinsus marinus downbay and saltwater intrusion upbay that expands the area characterized by moderate salinities. The 20th century history of Galveston Bay is one of expansion of isohaline structure and increased oyster production as a result of anthropogenic modification of bay physiography. The salinity gradient of the 1990s, however, is not in equilibrium with the distribution of hard substrate required for oyster growth, that reflects an earlier equilibrium with the pre-1900s hydrodynamics. Increased saltwater intrusion is normally disadvantageous to oyster populations; but, in this case, channel enlargement further expands the salinity gradient upbay and outward (east and west) from the channel. As a result, in most years, oyster biomass is increased because moderate salinities cover more of the pre-1900s reef tracts where hard substrate is plentiful.     

近江牡蛎作为海洋重金属Cu污染监测生物的研究

进行了近江牡蛎Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａ ｒｉｖｕｌａｒｉｓ 对Ｃｕ的累积和排出实验。近江牡蛎对海水中Ｃｕ的累积是净累积型，其体内的Ｃｕ含量与海水的Ｃｕ浓度之间呈显著的线性正相关，近江牡蛎体内的Ｃｕ含量与暴露时间之间呈显著的线性正相关，Ｃｕ从近江牡蛎体内排出的生物学半衰期为１３１ｄ，近江牡蛎对Ｃｕ的累积随海水盐度的升高而呈明显的下降趋势，海水盐度的变化对近江牡蛎体内残留Ｃｕ的影响不明显。近江牡蛎是比较     

近江牡蛎4种类型GST基因cDNA全序列的克隆与分析

为从分子水平上研究不同类型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)基因在近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)等贝类体内代谢去毒过程中的作用,采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆得到近江牡蛎肝脏4种类型GST基因cDNA全序列.序列分析结果表明,mu、pi、omega、sigma4种类型GST基因cDNA全长分别为970bp、773bp、999bp、1277bp,分别编码215、207、242、203个氨基酸.构建系统进化树发现,除太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)pi型GST外,所有类型GSTs序列都能各自聚集成一簇.     

用贻贝、牡蛎作为生物指示物监测渤海近岸水体中的丁基锡污染物

用贻贝和牡蛎作为生物指示物研究渤海近岸水体中丁基锡的污染现状.结果表明,丁基锡检出率达100%.总丁基锡浓度在23.4ng Sn·g-1至 162.4ng Sn·g-1 范围内,平均浓度为64.8ng Sn·g-1.在丁基锡化合物中三丁基锡为主要的污染物,表明我国继续使用含有三丁基锡的船舶防污涂料.贻贝和牡蛎对丁基锡化合物具有相似的富集能力.海产品中丁基锡的污染对人们的健康存在潜在的影响.     

福州近海牡蛎污染状况调查与评价

2002年3月至2003年7月对福州近海养殖牡蛎中的重金属(Hg,Pb,As,Cd)、石油烃、DDT、BHC、多氯联苯和微生物(粪大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌)指标进行检测。结果表明:福州海区内的牡蛎中的Hg、DDT、BHC、多氯联苯、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌符合国家无公害水产品安全要求;部分海区牡蛎体内Pb、石油烃的含量超标;牡蛎中的As、Cd、粪大肠菌群、副溶血性弧菌超标严重。     

Environmental information sharing: a means to support the legitimization of oyster farmers’ stewardship over water quality management in NSW,Australia

Oyster farmers depend on good water quality. Activities upstream from estuaries result in externalities that impact water quality. Over the last 10 years, oyster farmers have been developing estuary‐wide environmental management systems ( EMSs ) to tackle internal (i.e. industry‐related) and external (i.e. catchment) issues in N ew S outh W ales, A ustralia. Drawing on interview‐based research and document analyses, this paper shows that the process of creating an EMS for the oyster industry, as well as the creation of the EMS itself, resulted in legitimizing the industry's stewardship over the natural resource it depends on (water). For the oyster industry, this result was due to a change in the scale on which EMSs have been developed: instead of viewing issues at the individual business level, the systems expanded their viewpoint to the entire catchment, and included every oyster business in the estuary, as well as all other activities in the upper catchment. By providing a means of communicating internal efforts and with the support of local government bodies, EMSs provided a mechanism with which influence over upstream actors and activities could be exerted. We demonstrate this by using the ‘social‐ecological systems’ and ‘ ENCORE ’ frameworks, emphasizing the transitions that allowed for this change of scale to take place.     

Positive Feedback Loop between Introductions of Non‐Native Marine Species and Cultivation of Oysters in Europe

With globalization, agriculture and aquaculture activities are increasingly affected by diseases that are spread through movement of crops and stock. Such movements are also associated with the introduction of non‐native species via hitchhiking individual organisms. The oyster industry, one of the most important forms of marine aquaculture, embodies these issues. In Europe disease outbreaks affecting cultivated populations of the naturalized oyster Crassostrea gigas caused a major disruption of production in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Mitigation procedures involved massive imports of stock from the species’ native range in the northwestern Pacific from 1971 to 1977. We assessed the role stock imports played in the introduction of non‐native marine species (including pathogens) from the northwestern Pacific to Europe through a methodological and critical appraisal of record data. The discovery rate of non‐native species (a proxy for the introduction rate) from 1966 to 2012 suggests a continuous vector activity over the entire period. Disease outbreaks that have been affecting oyster production since 2008 may be a result of imports from the northwestern Pacific, and such imports are again being considered as an answer to the crisis. Although successful as a remedy in the short and medium terms, such translocations may bring new diseases that may trigger yet more imports (self‐reinforcing or positive feedback loop) and lead to the introduction of more hitchhikers. Although there is a legal framework to prevent or reduce these introductions, existing procedures should be improved. Ciclo de Retroalimentación Positiva entre la Introducción de Especies Marinas No‐Nativas y el Cultivo de Ostras en Europa