川中丘陵县域土壤pH空间变异及影响因素分析——以四川仁寿县为例

利用2012年在仁寿县采集的555个表层土样(0~20cm),应用地统计学方法分析了该县域尺度表层土壤pH值的空间变异特征;并采用方差分析和回归分析量化主要影响因素对土壤pH值空间变异的影响程度。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值在4.02~8.14之间,平均为6.80,总体上以中性和碱性土壤为主;变异系数为14.48%,属中等程度的空间变异性。地统计分析表明,研究区土壤pH值变异函数的最佳理论模型为球状模型,具有中等程度的空间自相关性,且空间自相关范围较大。方差分析和回归分析表明,土壤类型、成土母质和土地利用方式是显著影响土壤pH值的主要因素。其中,成土母质和土地利用方式分别能独立解释76.2%和4.8%的土壤pH值空间变异。土壤类型的解释能力与分类级别有关,土类、亚类和土属可分别独立解释41.3%、57.3%和83.7%的土壤pH值空间变异,因而能反映成土过程和母质特性的土属是研究区土壤pH值空间变异的主控因素。研究结果可为川中丘陵县域尺度土壤pH空间变异分析及区域生态环境管理与建设提供有益参考。     

Characterization of submicron aerosol particles in winter at Albany, New York

A thorough understanding of chemical composition, particle pH, and pollutant emissions is essential to address the climate and human health effects of atmospheric particles. In this study, we used a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS)and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer(SMPS) to characterize the composition of submicron particles. Moreover, we applied the ISORROPIA-II model to analyze the particle acidity effect on the compositional characterization of submicron ...     

pH值对纳米零价铁吸附降解2,4-二氯苯酚的影响

在不同pH条件下,对纳米铁(颗粒粒径为30～40 nm)及其降解2,4-二氯苯酚反应体系进行取样,并进行透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱联用(SEM-EDX)以及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)等形貌观测与分析表征,以考察pH值在纳米零价铁降解氯酚反应过程中的影响和作用.结果表明,在降解2,4-二氯苯酚的过程中纳米铁由分散的颗粒逐渐团聚,其表面逐渐氧化,并最终被呈针状结晶的碱式氧化亚铁(FeOOH)覆盖,从而阻碍了降解反应的进一步进行.在酸性体系中,纳米零价铁的氧化和团聚现象有所缓解,尽管会造成一部分铁量的损失,但反应产生大量的亚铁离子参与并促进了脱氯降解反应的进行,反应过程中溶液pH值有逐渐升高的趋势.不同pH条件下,纳米铁对氯酚的去除率随pH值的降低而升高,酸性条件有利于提高氯酚的还原降解速率,当pH=3时,24 h内氯酚的去除率可达到90%以上.     

生物质炭对华北平原4种典型土壤N2O排放的影响

生物质炭作为一种新型的土壤改良剂,在降低土壤温室气体排放方面发挥着重要作用.为明确生物质炭对冬小麦苗期土壤N_2O排放的影响,以华北平原的4种典型土壤(水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土)为研究对象,进行田间试验,设置了4个处理:对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施生物质炭(BC)和化肥与生物质炭配施(NPK+BC).结果表明,单施化肥显著增加了4种土壤N_2O排放,与对照相比,水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土N_2O排放分别增加了314%、116%、240%和282%.添加生物质炭对华北平原4种土壤N_2O排放影响存在差异,与CK相比,单施生物质炭水稻土、褐土N_2O排放显著增加了72. 4%和50. 9%,而砂姜黑土和潮土BC与CK处理无显著差异.与NPK相比,生物质炭与化肥配施显著降低了4种土壤N_2O排放.添加生物质炭提高了4种土壤pH,其中,初始pH最低的水稻土,受生物质炭影响较显著,施肥则降低了4种土壤pH.砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土施肥处理N_2O排放通量均与铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,水稻土和砂姜黑土单施生物质炭处理N_2O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

耦合发酵产氢尾液处理的微生物电化学系统研究

区别于传统的稀释或加缓冲剂调节pH值的方法,本文提出采用微生物电解池（MEC）电调控暗发酵尾液pH值,并进一步采用微生物电合成系统（MES）降解废液产甲烷.结果表明,在MEC处理产氢暗发酵尾液过程中,伴随着阴极侧氢气的产生,暗发酵尾液中大量H⁺被消耗,溶液pH值从4.5升高到8.7;随后在MES中,产氢发酵尾液中有机物被进一步降解产生甲烷,其平均产甲烷速率达到4.5mmol/（L·d）,且在21d内化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到89%,远优于没有经过pH调控的产氢发酵尾液MES中的产甲烷性能.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between aqueous solution and modeled individual soil particle grain sizes

The significance of soil mineral properties and secondary environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and time in the partitioning of eight selected polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) congeners between aqueous solution and soil particles with different grain sizes was studied. The mineral properties of a model soil sample were determined, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) adsorption–desorption isotherms were employed to observe the surface characteristics of the individual modeled soil particles.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption of PCBs onto soil particles of different sizes. The results revealed that the sorption of PCB congeners onto the soil was dependent on the amount of soil organic matter, surface area, and pore size distribution of the various individual soil particles. Low pH favored the sorption of PCBs,with maximum sorption occurring between pH 6.5 and 7.5 with an equilibration period of 8 hr.Changes in the ionic strength were found to be less significant. Low temperature favored the sorption of PCBs onto the soil compared to high temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the partition coefficient(K_d) decreased with increasing temperature, and negative and low values of ΔH° indicated an exothermic physisorption process. The data generated is critical and will help in further understanding remediation and cleanup strategies for polluted water.     

Effect of water pH and total dissolved solids on the species diversity of pelagic zooplankton in lakes: A statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of the combined influence of lake surface area (S), water pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the formation of zooplankton communities in lakes has been made on the basis of available data on the number of species (N _sp ) of pelagic zooplankton in 256 lakes of the temperate zone of Europe, Asia, and North America. Graphic analysis and analysis of variance have shown that extremely high or extremely low values of pH and TDS inhibit lake zooplankton. If the value of one of these factors is extremely high, any increase in the other factor is favorable for the inhibited zooplankton, and this second factor determines the value of N _sp .     

Characteristics of microorganisms isolated from technogenic soils of the Kama region

Microorganisms capable of degrading monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several chlorinated aromatic compounds were isolated from soils polluted with industrial waste from chemical plants. They were identified as representatives of the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium. Among them, bacteria capable of utilizing xenobiotics in a wide range of ambient temperatures and pH and in the presence of high sodium chloride concentrations were revealed.     

西天山科其喀尔冰川消融径流的水化学分析

为了研究西天山科其喀尔冰川融水径流的基本化学特征,2003-06～2003-09在研究区取样(冰面径流、冰面湖水、河水及大气降水),结果表明:①本区各类水体都呈碱性,pH值大小顺序为:河水>冰面径流>冰面湖水>大气降水>7.②各类样品总离子浓度的顺序为:河水>大气降水>冰面湖水>冰面径流.冰面径流中的各项离子浓度均低于其它3类样品的相应值,平均仅是河水的24%;阴、阳离子分别以SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺为最大.③由于降水过程中有物理变化和化学反应的作用,不同降水形式中降雨的各项离子浓度(NO₃^-除外)均比冰雹和雪中的相应离子浓度大;④对不同海拔高度水样分析表明,各项离子浓度“高程效应”十分明显,3 900m以上区域,冰面径流中各阳离子浓度逐渐向冰川冰中各相应离子浓度逼近.     

厌氧-好氧活性污泥法处理高浓度甲醇废水

介绍了厌氧一好氧活性污泥法处理电管厂高浓度甲醇废水的动态试验结果。试验结果表明：该方法处理高浓度甲醇废水,可以克服甲醇废水厌氧处理容易酸化的问题．运行稳定．抗负荷冲击性强．处理效果良好。