Predatory behavior and chemical communication in two Metapone species (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

Summary. Colonies of two species of Metapone (M. madagascarica, M. new species.) were collected in Madagascar and established in laboratory nests. It could be demonstrated that both species are specialist predators of termites (Cryptotermes kirbyi). During hunting the ants sting the termites and thereby paralyze and preserve the prey alive. In this way prey can be stored in the ant nest for extended periods. During foraging and colony emigrations the ants lay chemical trails with poison gland secretions. Among the seven compounds identified in the venom only methyl pyrrole-2-carboxylate elicits trail following behavior in both Metapone species. Received 11 February 2002, accepted 23 February 2002.     

不同磷源及浓度对利玛原甲藻生长和产毒的影响研究

探讨了不同磷源条件下利玛原甲藻的生长情况,分析了碱性磷酸酶在营养盐利用方面的作用,对不同营养盐条件下腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poison,DSP)的合成情况进行了比较和分析.结果显示,以NaH2 PO4、β-甘油磷酸钠和ATP分别作为唯一磷源时,NaH2PO4组和ATP组最大生长速率(βms)差异不大,β-甘油磷酸钠组稍低;ATP组最大生物量(X)明显高于NaH2PO4组和β-甘油磷酸钠组.实验浓度范围内,β-甘油磷酸钠组碱性磷酸酶活性均比较低,而ATP组活性较高.NaH2PO4组因其浓度的变化而有较大的差异.浓度>2μmol/L时,活性比较低,<2 μmol/L时,活性明显增高.μ-甘油磷酸钠组大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)总含量和单位藻细胞OA含量最高,NaH2O4组次之,ATP组最低.这些结果表明,利玛原甲藻町吸收利用无机磷NaH2PO4和有机磷β-甘油磷酸钠及ATP.其中,NaH2PO4和ATP的营养价值基本等效,而β-甘油磷酸钠的营养价值较低.ATP较NaH2PO4和β-甘油磷酸钠更有利于维持利玛原甲藻的生长.利玛原甲藻可以直接利用β-甘油磷酸钠;而ATP则需要碱性磷酸酶水解后才能利用.利玛原甲藻毒素的合成与营养盐的形态有关,不同营养盐条件下DSP的合成不同.β-甘油磷酸钠为磷源时,DSP合成量最多.磷盐对DSP合成的影响与该磷盐条件下利玛原甲藻的生理状态有关.     

厦门贝类养殖区重金属的含量分布特征与潜在生态危害评价

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物中重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为1.06 μg/L,1.23 μg/L, 0.05 μg/L,6.28 μg/L,0.033 μg/L,1.01 μg/L;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6,39.5×10-6,0.07×10-6,97.3×10-6,0.05×10-6,7.20×10-6.生态质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,处于清洁水平.养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Hg、As和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu、Pb、Zn,表明和Hg、As、Cd的潜在危害大于Cu、Pb、Zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.     

南海海域重要养殖水域牡蛎体中的腹泻性贝类毒素

对2006年和2007年南海海域23个重要养殖水域牡蛎体中腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)进行了调查,结果表明:甲子港、唐家湾、镇海湾、安埔港、防城港、八所港和榆林港等7个水域牡蛎体DSP毒性呈阳性结果,占调查水域的30.4%,其DSP值均为0.05MU/g.2006年牡蛎体DSP检出率为8.7%(n=23),2007年为21.7%(n=23).调查期间,牡蛎体DSP检出值0.05MU/g已达到了FDA(美国食品药物管理局)、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、朝鲜等6个国家食用贝类标准警戒限量水平,和超出了我国<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量>规定贝类DSP不得检出标准,表明了近期南海海域某些养殖水域的牡蛎已经受到了DSP毒化的威胁.     

Chemical poison and regeneration of SCR catalysts for NOx removal from stationary sources

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ is an effective technique to remove NO_x from stationary sources, such as coal-fired power plant and industrial boilers. Some of elements in the fly ash deactivate the catalyst due to strong chemisorptions on the active sites. The poisons may act by simply blocking active sites or alter the adsorption behaviors of reactants and products by an electronic interaction. This review is mainly focused on the chemical poisoning on V₂O₅-based catalysts, environmental-benign catalysts and low temperature catalysts. Several common poisons including alkali/alkaline earth metals, SO₂ and heavy metals etc. are referred and their poisoning mechanisms on catalysts are discussed. The regeneration methods of poisoned catalysts and the development of poison-resistance catalysts are also compared and analyzed. Finally, future research directions in developing poisoning resistance catalysts and facile efficient regeneration methods for SCR catalysts are proposed.     

我国海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属含量及其评价

以2007年5月~2008年10月我国典型海岛潮间带贝类体内重金属检测结果为基础,探讨了我国海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg)含量水平.结果表明,研究区各海岛潮间带贝类体内以Zn、Cu较高, Pb、Cd和Cr较低, Hg最低;与上世纪九十年代初的数据比较,变化不明显.根据《海洋生物质量》标准,评价了各海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属污染水平.分析表明各种重金属含量均有一定程度的超标, Zn超标较严重, Cu和Cd次之,其余较轻.原因可能与陆源污染物排放和贝类对不同金属的富集能力有关.     

山阴水砷中毒区地下水砷的富集因素分析

通过对山阴地区66个地下水样中常量元素、微量元素及有机物分析,研究了山阴高砷地下水的水化学特性并在此基础上,结合该地区含水层沉积物矿物分析,探讨了地下水中砷富集的影响因素.结果表明,山阴地下水平均pH为8.09,磷酸根含量为0.71mg/L,溶解性有机物含量为5.14 mg/L,以及地下水处于还原环境.高pH值、高磷酸根含量及还原环境不利于含水介质对以阴离子形式存在的砷的吸附,高溶解性有机物含量则增加了砷的活性这些因素促使了含水介质中砷的解吸和迁移.     

Bacillus thuringiensis pesticide exposures reported to Texas poison centers

One of the most common types of microbial pesticides used is Bacillus thuringiensis. Although generally considered safe, exposures to B. thuringiensis pesticide do occur where management by healthcare providers is sought. The objective of this investigation was to describe B. thuringiensis pesticide exposures reported to Texas poison centers. Cases were all B. thuringiensis pesticide exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 2000–2010. The distribution of cases was determined for various demographic and clinical factors. Of 115 total cases, 64% occurred during May–July. The rate per 1,000,000 population was 14.3 in central Texas and 4.4 in the rest of the state. Of the patients, 56% were of an age 20 years or older and 55% were male. The exposure routes were 57% by ingestion, 30% by dermal contact, and 11% by inhalation. The patient was managed on site in 93% of the exposures and only one exposure was judged to be potentially serious. B. thuringiensis pesticide exposures reported to Texas poison centers were more frequently reported from the central region of the state. The majority of exposures occurred during April–July, involved adults and males, occurred by ingestion or dermal route, were managed on site and did not result in serious outcomes.     

广东重要渔业水域牡蛎体中的麻痹性贝类毒素

2003年4月和5月对广东沿海15个重要渔业养殖水域牡蛎进行了麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP)的调查,结果表明：调查期间牡蛎体PSP毒性较低,检测结果均未检出。其结果远低于1991年水平,而与2002年一致;15个重要渔业水域牡蛎体PSP毒性低于我国无公害食品水产品中贝类有毒有害物质限量标准和联合国粮农组织规定的贝类上市安全限量。     

大亚湾和大鹏湾麻痹性贝类毒素动态分析

于１９９７～１９９９年在大亚湾和大鹏湾的主要贝类养殖区设立了四个采样点，以华贵栉孔扇贝和翡翠贻贝为对象逐月采样，用美国分析化学家协会推荐的生物测定法进行麻痹性贝类毒素测定。结果显示，１９９９年１月～１９９９年６月大亚湾东山海域的扇贝消化腺毒素含量为１２６３～１０５Ｍｕ／ｇ，剔除消化腺后的软组织毒素含量为１３．４至低于１．７Ｍｕ／ｇ，消化腺和其他软组织毒素含量的加权平均值为７．７～１１７Ｍｕ／ｇ，高