生物流化床在焦化废水治理中的应用

采用厌氧 缺氧 好氧工艺流程，以生物膜作为厌氧、缺氧反应器，循环式生物流化床作为好氧反应器进行了焦化废水治理中试应用研究。应用结果表明，上述工艺流程用于焦化废水治理是可行的。当系统进水ＣＯＤＣｒ浓度小于１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，系统水力停留时间为４４ｈ时，出水ＣＯＤＣｒ小于２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ；较高的进水ＮＨ３ Ｎ浓度可严重影响ＮＨ３ Ｎ去除，但对ＣＯＤＣｒ去除几乎无影响     

土－水系统中脱氮化作用与硝化作用的耦合关系

对氮肥的两种主要化学形态（即硝态氮和铵态氮）在土－水系统中的形态转化过程及控制因素进行了探讨。结果表明：供试系统中硝化作用与脱氮化作用都较强烈，硝化作用先于脱氮化作用，其速度明显比脱氮化作用快。硝化作用与脱氮化作用的耦合是氮化合物转化的核心机制。决定亚硝酸盐积累的主要因素是温度。     

Multiple indicators, partially ordered sets, and linear extensions: Multi-criterion ranking and prioritization

This paper is concerned with the question of ranking a finite collection of objects when a suite of indicator values is available for each member of the collection. The objects can be represented as a cloud of points in indicator space, but the different indicators (coordinate axes) typically convey different comparative messages and there is no unique way to rank the objects while taking all indicators into account. A conventional solution is to assign a composite numerical score to each object by combining the indicator information in some fashion. Consciously or otherwise, every such composite involves judgments (often arbitrary or controversial) about tradeoffs or substitutability among indicators. Rather than trying to combine indicators, we take the view that the relative positions in indicator space determine only a partial ordering and that a given pair of objects may not be inherently comparable. Working with Hasse diagrams of the partial order, we study the collection of all rankings that are compatible with the partial order (linear extensions). In this way, an interval of possible ranks is assigned to each object. The intervals can be very wide, however. Noting that ranks near the ends of each interval are usually infrequent under linear extensions, a probability distribution is obtained over the interval of possible ranks. This distribution, called the rank-frequency distribution, turns out to be unimodal (in fact, log-concave) and represents the degree of ambiguity involved in attempting to assign a rank to the corresponding object. Stochastic ordering of probability distributions imposes a partial order on the collection of rank-frequency distributions. This collection of distributions is in one-to-one correspondence with the original collection of objects and the induced ordering on these objects is called the cumulative rank-frequency (CRF) ordering; it extends the original partial order. Although the CRF ordering need not be linear, it can be iterated to yield a fixed point of the CRF operator. We hypothesize that the fixed points of the CRF operator are exactly the linear orderings. The CRF operator treats each linear extension as an equal voter in determining the CRF ranking. It is possible to generalize to a weighted CRF operator by giving linear extensions differential weights either on mathematical grounds (e.g., number of jumps) or empirical grounds (e.g., indicator concordance). Explicit enumeration of all possible linear extensions is computationally impractical unless the number of objects is quite small. In such cases, the rank-frequencies can be estimated using discrete Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.     

饮用水生物滤池中亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的生长规律

饮用水生物滤池工艺中亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的生长状况可以作为反应器挂膜是否成功的标志，其生长具有明显的阶段性，在经历了延迟期和对数期之后进入稳定期，由于氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌在生态学上存在以后者为受利方的偏利互生关系，延迟期后期与氨氧化细菌的对数期生长相对应，表现为表观去除率的“对数下降”期．亚硝酸盐氧化细菌对数期生长的时间在1mo左右；低温可以使其长期处于延迟期．图7表3参12     

北京地区O3与NO2的偏相关分析

根据北京市环境监测中心1999年3月至2001年2月发布的北京地区空气质量日报和部分气象资料，利用FoxPro6.0数据库及世界著名统计分析软件包(Statistical Package or the Social Science,SPSS)，统计并分析了O2和NO2的污染变化特征及规律；结果显示了NO2的污染状况已经得到明显改善，而O3的污染状况仍较严重；O3与NO2呈现水平中等的负相关关系，分析和验证了NO2是生成O3的重要前体污染物；提出北京进一步改善在夏季出现的严重O3污染，还需进一步降低NO2的排放水平。     

凋落物质量和分解对中亚热带栲木荷林土壤氮矿化的影响

用控温、控水室内培养方法,研究了中亚热带栲木荷常绿阔叶林和邻近柳杉人工针叶林凋落物的分解及其对栲木荷林土壤氮矿化的影响.结果表明:栲木荷阔叶林的凋落物失重率大于针阔混合凋落物的失重率,大于柳杉针叶纯林凋落物的失重率.所有凋落物失重率都与其初始氮含量呈显著负相关,和初始碳含量呈显著正相关,而与凋落物C/N比的相关性不强.不同凋落物处理下的土壤NO3--N含量差异显著(P＜0.05,N=18),NH4 -N含量差异不显著(P＞0.05,N=18),混合凋落物处理下的土壤NO3--N和NH4 -N含量最高,分别是224.21 mg kg-1和56.77 mg kg-1,其氮转化速率也最高,硝化、氨化、氮矿化速率分别为1.74 mg kg-1 d-1、0.36 mg kg-1 d-1和1.90mg kg-1 d-1.各凋落物处理下的土壤氮含量随时间变化的规律不一致.土壤氨化速率与土壤全氮呈显著正相关(r=0.843,P＜0.05,N=21),与栲木荷林凋落物的失重率呈显著负相关(r=-0.997,P＜0.05,N=21).图3表4参29     

Effect of nitrification inhibitor on plant biomass and N2O emission rates in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT

Treatment with nitrification inhibitors, such as dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) have been strongly indicated to increase grassland biomass and mitigate soil N₂O emission rates. However, the responses of both alpine meadow aboveground biomass and N₂O emission rates to nitrification inhibitors remains unclear. We separately applied three doses of DCD and DMPP to alpine grassland soils with three duplicates. The biomass and N₂O emission rates were subsequently measured by a clear-cut method and in-situ static chamber gas chromatography during the growing season. Our findings indicated that aboveground biomass increased significantly, and N₂O emission rate decreased significantly at 6.8?kg?ha^?1 DCD and DMPP. Furthermore, the biomass increase effect was more significant than the N₂O emission rate mitigation effect (p?<?0.05). The highest ratios of DCD treatments on meadow production increase and N₂O emission rate decrease were 27.2% and 36.3%, respectively. Our findings provide insight into the enhanced grassland primary production and decreased N₂O flux by nitrification inhibitor treatment in alpine meadows, which may be beneficial to help mitigate global warming.     

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS USING PARTIAL CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS1

ABSTRACT: Sixty-nine groundwater samples were analyzed for six chemical parameters. Partial and simple correlation coefficients for these parameters indicate that partial coefficients are superior to simple coefficients in establishing geochemical relationships for the aqueous system evaluated. The improved reliability arises from the ability of partial correlation analysis to hold outside factors that may be affecting the two variables of interest, constant.     

PARTIAL AREA RESPONSE ON SMALL SEMIARID WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Significant errors in estimating surface runoff and erosion rates are possible if a watershed is assumed to contribute runoff uniformly over the entire area, when actually only a portion of the entire area may be contributing. Generation of overland flow on portions of small semiarid watersheds was analyzed by three methods: an average loss rate procedure, a lumped-linear model, and a distributed-nonlinear model. These methods suggested that, on the average, 45, 60, and 50% of the drainage area was contributing runoff at the watershed outlet. Infiltrometer data support the partial area concept and indicate that the low infiltration zones are the runoff source areas as simulated with the distributed-nonlinear model.