Improving Community-Based Conservation Near Protected Areas: The Importance of Development Variables

Community-based conservation projects implemented in conjunction with protected area management often struggle to meet expectations. This article argues that outcomes will improve if project leaders pay closer attention to four development indicators—rights, capacity, governance, and revenue—that are often taken for granted or considered beyond the scope of local conservation projects. I make the case for focusing on these variables in four steps. First, I distinguish community-based conservation linked to protected area management from community-based institutions studied by scholars of the commons. Second, I draw on the theory and practice of international development to highlight the central relevance of the variables highlighted in this article to development projects at all levels. Third, I discuss the four variables in some detail, considering problems of definition and measurement and reviewing possible interactions among them. Fourth, to illustrate the influence of the variables in particular cases, I review outcomes from community-based conservation projects implemented near protected areas in El Salvador and Zimbabwe.     

对当前农村环境保护问题的研究

以农村环境保护问题为研究对象,运用归纳、例证等方法对农村环境问题的危害、产生根源、解决措施进行分析.通过分析环境污染与生态破坏制约农业持续发展、威胁农民生命财产安全、扰乱农村稳定,阐明了农村环境问题的危害,指出农村环境问题是"三农"问题的重要内涵.从滥伐、滥牧、粗放式农业生产、城市污染向农村转移及乡村企业污染加剧等方面剖析了农村环境问题的主要根源.提出了我国农村环境保护的主要措施是加强农村环境政策体系创新、城镇化、发展现代生态农业、推进农业集约化经营、多途径有效控制乡村企业污染等.      

天津市陆源污染物允许排海量的研究

渤海近岸海域污染已是约环渤海地区社会经济的发展。本文对配合天津市主要污染物总量控制,对天津市陆源主要污染物允许排海量的功能区划原则,水环境主要污染物,总量,主要污染物允许排海量的数学模型,陆源主要污染物允许排海量的计算依据等进行了阐述,同时对主要排污口主要污染物允许排海量及其消减量进行了计算。     

福建省沿海地区海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用

本文着重研究福建省沿海地区盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用,从源排放估算、致酸前体物观测、大气气溶胶组成分析、降水离子特征分析四个层次进行讨论,结果表明ＨＣｌ人为排放源仅占ＳＯ２,ＮＯｓ的４％;大气中活性氯;ＨＣｌ最大浓度为４．２３μｇ／ｍ＾－３,Ｃｌ２最大浓度为３．９７μｇ．ｍ＾－３,气溶胶中Ｃｌ＾－／Ｎａ＾＋比和降水中Ｃｌ／Ｎａ＾＋比背离,降水中过量氯与Ｈ浓度呈现正相关,过量氯对Ｈ浓度最大贡献达３     

Geno-toxicity assay of sediment and water samples from the Upper Silesia post-mining areas, Poland by means of Allium-test

Genotoxic potential of two environmental compartments (water and sediment) from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB), Poland were evaluated and compared by employing root meristem cells of Allium cepa. The clear genotoxic effect of water and sediment sampled was shown, with an important contribution of severe types of cytogenetic abnormalities. The most biologically relevant pollutants were revealed through multivariate statistical analysis of relationships between biological effects registered and the environment contamination. Overall, results of simultaneous use of conventional monitoring methods and biological tests suggested that contemporary levels of persistent pollutants in post-mining areas of the USCB may enhance the risk both for human health and biological components of natural ecosystems.     

陇南市生物多样性保护的生态补偿区域空间选择

基于生态重要性,以重要物种空间分布种数为参数构建生物多样性保护重要性评价模型,以陇南市为例,乡镇为研究单元,基于模型对全市生物多样性保护重要性进行评价,基于评价结果将研究区分为优先补偿区、次级优先补偿区、次级补偿区和潜在补偿区,对各等级补偿区的特征分析结果表明:①各类补偿区分布相对集中,优先补偿区主要分布在陇南市南部,集中分布在文县。②各等级补偿区由高到低在补偿面积、补偿乡镇数量和补偿人口方面不断增加。③优先补偿区范围相对较小,而次级优先补偿区和次级补偿区范围相对较大,潜在补偿区占很大的比例。④优先补偿区与自然保护区有着密切的联系,大多数优先补偿乡镇位于自然保护区内。     

贵州喀斯特地貌区聚落的垂直分异探讨

喀斯特自然环境的垂直性导致了喀斯特地区的聚落存在垂直空间分布的现象.掌握喀斯特地貌区聚落的垂直分异规律对区域城镇规划和社会主义新农村建设有重要意义.本研究以喀斯特面积分布最广的贵州省为研究区域,选取三个具代表性的典型地貌类型区,运用GIS相关软件和分析方法,通过对等高线数据的空间转换和与居民点数据的叠置等技术得到各个研究区的居民点在不同高程、坡度和坡向上的分布情况,依此分析喀斯特高原盆地区、高原山地区、高原峡谷区聚落的垂直分布特点.研究结果表明,三种地貌类型区的聚落垂直分布有一定的特点和规律可循,且不同喀斯特地貌类型下的聚落有不同的垂直空间分布特点;喀斯特地区聚落垂直分异与区域喀斯特地貌密切相关,表现在地貌垂直空间差异越大,聚落垂直空间差异越大;并且,垂直性加剧了喀斯特聚落空间差异的复杂性.最后得出结论,垂直分异是喀斯特聚落空间分布的主要特点,喀斯特地貌是形成喀斯特地区聚落垂直分异规律的前提条件.     

围填海工程的生态环境价值损失评估——以江苏省两个典型工程为例

围填海工程对近海生态系统的影响一直是生态学和生态经济学领域广泛关注的焦点。运用直接市场法和替代性市场法（如市场价值法、影子工程法、碳税法、替代成本法、成果参照法等,第Ⅰ类方法）、条件价值评估法（第Ⅱ类方法）两类方法,选取江苏省连云港市海滨新区和南通市通州区滨海新区两个典型的围填海工程为案例,从潮滩湿地生态系统服务功能视角进行了围填海工程生态环境价值损失评估。结果表明：（1）两个典型案例第Ⅰ类方法的评估结果分别为0818 2×10⁸元/a和0696 2×10⁸元/a;（2）第Ⅱ类方法的评估结果分别为1273 9×10⁸元/a和1186 0×10⁸元/a;（3）用两类方法的评估结果作为生态环境损失值区间,可以提高评估结果的准确性。研究结果可为围填海工程生态补偿标准和生态补偿政策制定提供参考     

The impact of recreational boat traffic on Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus)

This study evaluated the impact of small boat traffic on reaction distances of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus), in the marine waters of Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, British Columbia, Canada. Observers on moving boats recorded the minimum distance the boat came to murrelets on the water, and any disturbance reaction (fly, dive, no reaction). Out of the 7500 interactions 11.7% flew, 30.8% dove and 58.1% exhibited no flushing reaction. Using a product-limit analysis, we developed curves for the proportion of Marbled Murrelets flushing (dive or flight) as a function of reaction distance. Overall, the majority of Marbled Murrelets waited until boats were within 40 m before reacting, with 25% of the population reacting at 29.2m. A stepwise Cox regression indicated that age, boat speed, and boat density (loaded in that order), significantly affected flushing response. More juveniles flushed than adults (70.1 versus 51.7%), but at closer distances. Faster boats caused a greater proportion of birds to flush, and at further distances (25% of birds flushed at 40 m at speeds > 29 kph versus 28m at speeds <12kph). A stepwise logistic regression on diving and flight responses indicated that birds tended to fly completely out of feeding areas at the approach of boats travelling >28.8 kph and later in the season (July and August). Other secondary variables included; boat density and time of day. Discussion focused on possible management actions such as the application of speed limits, set back distances, and exclusion of boat traffic to protect Marbled Murrelets.     

Wastewater Effluent,Combined Sewer Overflows,and Other Sources of Organic Compounds to Lake Champlain1

Abstract: Some sources of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) to streams, lakes, and estuaries, including wastewater‐treatment‐plant effluent, have been well documented, but other sources, particularly wet‐weather discharges from combined‐sewer‐overflow (CSO) and urban runoff, may also be major sources of OWCs. Samples of wastewater‐treatment‐plant (WWTP) effluent, CSO effluent, urban streams, large rivers, a reference (undeveloped) stream, and Lake Champlain were collected from March to August 2006. The highest concentrations of many OWCs associated with wastewater were in WWTP‐effluent samples, but high concentrations of some OWCs in samples of CSO effluent and storm runoff from urban streams subject to leaky sewer pipes or CSOs were also detected. Total concentrations and numbers of compounds detected differed substantially among sampling sites. The highest total OWC concentrations (10‐100 μg/l) were in samples of WWTP and CSO effluent. Total OWC concentrations in samples from urban streams ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/l, and urban stream‐stormflow samples had higher concentrations than baseflow samples because of contributions of OWCs from CSOs and leaking sewer pipes. The relations between OWC concentrations in WWTP‐effluent and those in CSO effluent and urban streams varied with the degree to which the compound is removed through normal wastewater treatment. Concentrations of compounds that are highly removed during normal wastewater treatment [including caffeine, Tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate, and cholesterol] were generally similar to or higher in CSO effluent than in WWTP effluent (and ranged from around 1 to over 10 μg/l) because CSO effluent is untreated, and were higher in urban‐stream stormflow samples than in baseflow samples as a result of CSO discharge and leakage from near‐surface sources during storms. Concentrations of compounds that are poorly removed during treatment, by contrast, are higher in WWTP effluent than in CSO, due to dilution. Results indicate that CSO effluent and urban stormwaters can be a significant major source of OWCs entering large water bodies such as Burlington Bay.