Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

VOCs污染场地挖掘过程的环境健康风险评价

开展了在典型污染场地修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测实验,并且建立了3条暴露途径对修复过程进行健康风险评价.结果表明,单污染物多途径累计非致癌指数最高的是四氯化碳,高达8.86E+01,其对综合非致癌影响贡献率为74.45%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:1.01E+02,占综合危害指数的84.87%,非致癌综合危害指数为1.19E+02.单污染物多途径累计致癌指数最高的是1,2-二氯乙烷:3.08E-02,其对综合致癌影响贡献率为69.53%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:3.96E-02,占综合致癌指数的89.39%,总致癌危害指数达到4.43E-02.     

生活垃圾重金属对环卫工人身体健康影响研究

以珠江三角洲5市（广州、深圳、佛山、惠州和肇庆）生活垃圾为研究对象,分析了55个生活垃圾样品的干基组分及典型重金属（As、Cd、Hg、Cr和Pb）的含量,采用主成分因子分析探论重金属的主要影响因素及可能来源,并结合人体健康风险评价模型,用蒙特卡洛模拟定量评价生活垃圾收运、分类及处理各环节环卫工人的健康风险.结果表明,珠江三角洲5市生活垃圾中As、Cd、Hg、Cr和Pb的浓度分别为（4.49±1.18）,（1.95±1.96）,（0.41±0.60）,（147.28±160.48）和（121.59±199.42） mg/kg;生活垃圾中Hg和Pb可能主要来源于金属制品和镀金材料;Cd和Cr可能主要来源于金属制品、镀金材料、快餐垃圾和包装垃圾;As可能主要来源于生活垃圾中的沙土和草木组分.生活垃圾的收运、分类及处理环节,街道清扫保洁工人、分类收运工人和填埋处理工人的非致癌风险基本不用考虑,但致癌风险很高,致癌风险指数最高可达安全阈值的6倍,主要风险暴露途径为手-口摄入（非食物途径）;垃圾焚烧处理工人的非致癌风险和致癌风险均很高,非致癌风险和致癌风险指数最高值分别约为安全阈值的11倍和90倍,主要风险暴露途径为手-口摄入和呼吸吸入;相同暴露环境下,女环卫工人的非致癌风险和致癌风险概率均略高于男环卫工人.因此,生活垃圾收运、分类及处理环节需做好安全防范措施,对重金属人体暴露途径进行阻隔.     

典型场地四氯化碳污染的健康风险评价

以华北某污染场地为研究区域,采集了场地内大气、土壤、地表水和地下水4个类别共196个样品.分析了25项挥发性有机物在不同区域的分布特征,探讨了超标污染物的污染来源,最后,应用美国环保局的健康风险评价方法,对场地超标污染物进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,场地超标污染物仅为四氯化碳;主要赋存于地下水中,其污染晕的平面分布与地...     

重庆市2015—2020年秋冬季PM2.5污染传输路径与潜在源贡献分析

2015—2020年成渝地区各城市PM_2.5浓度（国控点监测数据）下降显著,但重庆市、川东北城市群及川南城市群PM_2.5污染问题依然存在,且存在一定的传输影响关系.以重庆市为例,使用HYSPLIT模型计算了2015—2020年秋冬季PM_2.5污染期间气流后向轨迹,利用轨迹聚类和潜在源贡献算法,分析了不同年份的PM_2.5输送特征.结果表明：重庆市PM_2.5污染主要受西偏南方向（约占58%,长距离为主）、北偏西方向（约占26%,中距离为主）和南略偏西方向（约占16%,短距离为主）传输影响;川东北城市群和川南城市群对重庆市PM_2.5污染传输贡献较为显著,6年平均贡献率分别为23%和15%;不同年份的污染传输贡献差异明显,2015—2017年以川南城市群污染传输为主（平均贡献24%）,2018—2020年以川东北城市群污染传输为主（平均贡献37%）,川渝以外污染传输影响逐年减弱（平均贡献由33%降至5%）.在“成渝双城经济圈”背景下,重庆市与周边川东北城市群及川南...     

Sources and major biogeochemical pathways of organic matter in the mangrove system of Rufiji estuary

Fatty acids were extracted from the surface sediments (10 cm) of three sampling sites of Rufiji estuary to infer their sources and biogeochemical pathways. The fatty acids ranging from C₈ to C₂₄ were distinguished from this study, and were broadly classified into saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). SFAs were found to be the major fraction at station 1 and 3 where as at station 2, MUFAs dominated. A total of 19 fatty acids with a total concentration of 64.91 μg/g dry weight were characterised at station 1. C_16:0 was the most abundant fatty acid contributing 21.94% of total fatty acids (TFAs). C_22:2 was the second most abundant, which accounted for 9.46% of TFAs. Fatty acids ranging from C₁₂ to C₂₄ were identified at station 2. C₂₀ fatty acid was the most abundant fatty acid contributing 21.94%, followed by C_16:0. At station 3, fatty acids ranging from C₈ to C₂₄ were obtained. The PUFA C_20:5n-3 was the most abundant fatty acid contributing 21.65%, followed by C_24:0 (15.00% of TFAs). The ratio of lower molecular weight (LMW) to higher molecular weight (HMW) biomarkers was used as an indicators to distinguish higher plants organic matter from algae-derived fatty acids.     

一株高效1,4-雄烯二酮降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解转化特性研究

从养殖场废水中筛选出1株1,4-雄烯二酮（ADD）高效降解菌株ADD3,经过16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）.通过单因素实验研究了不同实验条件对菌株ADD3降解特性的影响,采用高效液相色谱与质谱联用技术（UPLC-MS/MS）和高效液相色谱与四级杆飞行时间高分辨率质谱联用技术（UPLC-QTof-MS）鉴定转化产物.结果表明：菌株ADD3通过共代谢方式转化ADD,在MH肉汤培养基中降解500 μg·L^-1 ADD的半衰期为3.6 h;葡萄糖、乙酸钠、蔗糖和淀粉对菌株ADD3降解ADD均有一定的促进作用,其中,最佳碳源为淀粉,最佳浓度为1000 mg·L^-1;最佳pH和温度分别为7和40℃.实验中共鉴定出5种产物,降解机理主要包括加氢还原、脱氢氧化和羟基化,TP1（雄烯二酮）为主要产物.研究结果可为探索微生物转化ADD的机理、优化去除ADD的研究提供参考,并为构造相关工程菌提供一些基础数据.     

我国典型森林土壤微生物驱动的氮代谢途径特征解析

微生物介导的氮代谢途径对生态系统结构和功能稳定性的维持起着重要作用,阐明微生物群落与氮代谢途径之间的关系可以从微观水平上扩展对氮代谢途径的理解.然而,微生物的基因水平转移使得基于分类学的方法并不能说明两者之间的关系.有研究表明,功能性状影响着群落构建和生态系统功能,将基于功能性状的研究方法应用于土壤微生物能更好地说明氮代谢途径的特征.因此,本文选择5种我国典型森林土壤,包括黑土（黑龙江哈尔滨）、暗棕壤（吉林长白山）、黄棕壤（湖北武汉）、红壤（福建福州）和砖红壤（海南乐东）,利用可以量化微生物功能性状的宏基因组技术对不同森林土的氮代谢途径特征进行了研究,主要包括氨同化、硝酸盐异化还原、硝酸盐同化还原、反硝化、硝化、固氮和厌氧氨氧化过程.结果表明,细菌序列在宏基因组文库中占主导位置,占所有序列的98.02%,且所涉及的几种氮代谢途径在细菌中都被检测到.5种森林土有着相同的氮代谢途径特征,即氨同化是细菌中检出频率最高的氮代谢途径,每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到2830个氨同化途径的功能基因,固氮和厌氧氨氧化代谢途径检出频率较低,每百万个序列分别只检测到28.3和10.7个功能基因.不同森林土壤中同一氮代谢过程可由不同的微生物参与,且负责整个氮代谢途径的微生物的群落结构不完全相同.     

山地农业种植结构演变特征及其调控途径分析——以贵州省为例

为分析山地农业种植结构的演变特征及其主要驱动因子,制定种植结构的调控途径,采用C-PCA耦合模型(典型主成分分析)对贵州省1949~2013年种植结构演变的15个驱动因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)贵州省1949~2013年种植结构逐渐向市场导向型转变,经济作物比重上升,粮食作物比重下降,粮食作物和经济作物产量分别以7.24%和2.95%的速率增长;(2)通过C-PCA耦合模型的贡献率得出种植结构演变的主要驱动因子为总人口、城市化水平、仓储运输业比重、年均气温、年降水量和农业人口比重,其对应累计贡献率达86.04%;(3)调控山地农业种植结构,不仅需要发展山地高效复合型农业,提高种植系统抗灾能力,还需借助农产品生产、加工、销售云平台实现农业的可持续发展,从而为山地农业经济的发展提供重要支撑。     

Retiring: Role identity processes in retirement transition

Retirement transition has become a prolonged process of adaptation, including changes in role identity. However, there is a dearth of research on the process by which retirees cope with the role transition, including how pre-retirement role identities shape the transition, the forms of identity work undertaken by retirees, and the unfolding nature of retirement transition. In an in-depth qualitative examination of the transition process, we identify pre-retirement role identity profiles based on work and nonwork role identities. We then examine how pre-retirement role identities influence the transition process, including the nature of identity work in transition and the transition pathways demonstrated by retirees. Our findings provide insights into strengths and limitations afforded by pre-retirement identities: They facilitate agentic coping in which retirees shed old and adopt new identities but also impose inertia and prolong the transition until identity crises force the retirees to undergo identity exploration and adoption of new identities.