Optimisation of bisphenol A removal from water using chemically modified pine bark and almond shell

The ability of pine bark and almond shells to remove bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Samples of these traditional agro-forestry by-products were milled, sieved into different particle size fractions (0.10–0.15 and 1.5–2.0 mm) and submitted to two different types of treatment. Sorption experiments were conducted in a batch system at room temperature and natural pH. Sorption equilibrium was attained after 48 h for all systems under study. Bisphenol A was adsorbed more effectively on the smaller particles of the sorbents. Pine bark and almond shell pretreated with formaldehyde presented higher sorption efficiency (95%), followed by almond shell (87%) and pine bark (82%) washed with hot water. All the sorption isotherms were found to fit a Freundlich equation, with correlation coefficients (R ²) between 0.823 and 0.989. The sorption coefficient (K _F) ranged from 0.06 to 0.74 (mg^1?1/n ·L ^1/n ·g ^?1). These results indicate that utilisation of both materials as an alternative sorbent for the removal of bisphenol A from contaminated waters is promising because they are available in large amounts and have an acceptable cost–efficiency ratio when compared with traditional adsorbents.     

国内外农药生态风险评价暴露模拟外壳述评

在阐明农药生态风险评价暴露模拟外壳的概念和功能的基础上,介绍了美国PE〔PRZM（pesticide root zonemodel）-EXAMS（exposure analysis modeling system）〕系列外壳和EXPRESS（EXAMS-PRZM exposure simulation shell）系列外壳、欧盟SWASH（surface water scenarios help）外壳及中国PRAESS（pesticide risk assessment exposure simula-tion shell）外壳这几种已开发的农药生态风险评价暴露模拟外壳的开发目的、结构组成、输入参数、运行方式和输出结果等方面的内容,并比较分析了各暴露模拟外壳在包含模型、包含场景、模拟水体类型和主要输出结果方面的异同点,期望为我国农药生态风险评价,尤其是暴露评价研究提供有益借鉴。     

椰壳基活性炭吸附高氯酸盐污染物的研究

为确定高氯酸盐污染物椰壳基活性炭吸附的最佳工艺参数,以高氯酸铵模拟废水为处理对象,通过L25(5)4正交试验考察活性炭投加量、温度、pH值、高氯酸盐初始浓度等参数对活性炭吸附率的影响规律。结果表明,ClO4-的去除率随着活性炭投加量的增加、ClO4-初始浓度的增大而增大,在偏中性的环境中具有较高的去除率,高温不利于活性炭的吸附反应。最佳工艺参数:活性炭投加量为0.4 g/L,pH为中性,温度为25℃,高氯酸盐初始质量浓度为2 mg/L。在最佳工艺参数条件下对ClO4-的吸附率为74.87%。     

“Cu核-Cu2O壳”粒子可见光催化降解酚类废水的研究

以对硝基苯酚溶液为模拟废水,用自制的"Cu核-Cu2O壳"粒子对其进行光催化氧化试验,考察了光照时间、催化剂用量、对硝基苯酚的初始质量浓度、溶液的pH值和光源等对降解过程的影响。结果表明,对硝基苯酚溶液质量浓度为40 mg.L-1,催化剂投加量为2g.L-1,光照120min后降解率达到95%,降解反应符合一级反应动力学。与其他同类光催化剂相比,"Cu核-Cu2O壳"粒子具有较高的光催化活性,而且光催化过程中有氢氧自由基产生,对对硝基苯酚的降解较彻底。     

Peregrine falcon egg pollutants

The role of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a bioindicator for the accumulation of organohalogen compounds and other persistent organic pollutants has been established in field studies. Biometric indices for damage caused by pollutants such as the shell thickness and the shell index were determined and the egg contents were analyzed for various pollutants by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A wide range of chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX®) bioassays were performed on subsamples of the eggs.

The following organohalogen compounds were found in the eggs of 2009: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorobiphenyls and polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans, polybromodiphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenyl A, perfluoro compounds, and mercury. The DDT metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (11,800 ng/g dry matter), was found to be the most highly concentrated egg contaminant followed by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (3800 ng/g). After a past general drop in pollution level, most egg contaminants presently plateau at levels that may still exceed limit values in foods of animal origin (DDE) or even toxicological thresholds (polychlorobiphenyls + polychlorodibenzodioxins, polybromodiphenyl ethers, perfluorooctanesulfonate, methylmercury).

Accumulation of DDE could be shown in peregrine falcon eggs from the uplands of Southwest Germany with elevations up to 1500 m, presumably due to its global distribution and its cold condensation in higher altitudes. In contrast, the concentration of polychlorobiphenyls in falcon eggs decreases with elevation, indicating that these pollutants originate mainly from conurbations and local industrial sites.

Significant negative correlations were found between both shell index and thickness and the concentration of Hg. A deleterious effect is also evident from a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 120 ng MeHg per gram egg determined by other authors in chronic feeding studies with ibises, which resulted in decreased egg productivity and male homosexual nesting and courtship behavior. The average Hg concentration in the peregrine falcon eggs from 2009 is almost four times higher than this level. MeHg accounted for 82.5% of the Hg present in the eggs of 2009 and 2010.

The cell test DR CALUX® for screening of dioxin-like activities can be used to detect not only the 29 regulated dioxin-like substances but also many other persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like potencies, such as mixed halogenated dioxins/biphenyls. In our case, the results of bioanalytical screening methods showed no additional effect of other compounds with dioxin-like activity.

Ninety-three out of 177 analytes sought could be detected in the eggs. Chlorinated paraffins, organotin compounds, some pesticides that are still in use, and phthalic esters with the exception of traces of diethylhexyl phthalate could be excluded. All pollutants found in the eggs belong to substance classes banned by the Stockholm and Minamata Conventions.     

生物炭对水中五氯酚的吸附性能研究

利用小麦秸秆和花生壳在300,400,600℃条件下制备生物炭,运用元素分析仪、扫描电镜和比表面积仪对生物炭的理化性质进行表征,同时探讨其对水中五氯酚(PCP)的吸附特性.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物炭芳香性增加,极性降低.花生壳生物炭对水中PCP的吸附效果优于小麦秸秆生物炭,3种温度制备的生物炭对PCP吸附量表现为400℃>600℃>300℃.随着生物炭添加量增大,水中PCP去除能力由81.79%提高至89.02%,生物炭的吸附量由30.32减小至5.54mg/g.生物炭对PCP的吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程.吸附过程主要受快速反应控制,降低反应温度有利于生物炭对水中PCP的吸附.     

硅改性花生壳生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为实现花生壳资源化利用,通过硅酸钠溶液对花生壳进行浸渍改性,再热解制备成硅改性花生壳生物炭（Si-PSBs）,探究Si-PSBs对水中磷的吸附特性.结果表明,相比于未改性花生壳生物炭（PSB）,Si-PSBs对磷的吸附量明显增大,8%硅酸钠溶液改性的生物炭（8% Si-PSB）对磷的吸附量是改性前的3.9倍.SEM、FTIR和XRD等结果表明8% Si-PSB上有二氧化硅生成,二氧化硅影响吸附过程中源于生物炭的碳酸钙形态,提高了生物炭自身所含金属离子Ca²⁺的反应活性.强酸强碱环境中,8% Si-PSB对磷均具有良好的吸附效果.反应平衡后,8% Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附量分别在2.79 mg ·g^-1和0.71 mg ·g^-1上下浮动,对磷的吸附均更符合准二级动力学模型,说明反应以化学吸附为主.等温吸附实验数据采用Langmuir模型拟合度更高,说明8% Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附均以单层吸附为主.溶液中腐殖酸（HA）的存在抑制8% Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附.8% Si-PSB是一种低成本的新型除磷材料,可提高花生壳自身金属钙离子的利用程度.     

废弃牡蛎壳生产活性钙

利用废弃的牡蛎壳为原料。采用高温电解煅烧、微粒子化及碳酸化等特殊工艺。得到可供食品用的钙强化剂或药品用的原料药。该方法不但可以充分利用资源。变废为宝。而且选用的工艺路线也体现了清洁生产的要求。在降低设备投入和能耗的同时。还消除了三废的排放，适合工业化生产。     

蔬菜残留农药的天然净化剂的开发与研制

以贝壳（扇贝壳和牡蛎壳等）为原料,进行高温煅烧处理,制成天然净化剂,对残留有机磷类农药（以氧乐果为例）的蔬菜样品（小白菜）进行清洗,利用分光光度法进行农药残留去除的测定。研究了反应时间、净化剂浓度等因素对蔬菜残留农药去除效果的影响,并比较了水、氯化钠、天然净化剂的去除效果。结果表明,0.05g/100 ml（5%）天然净化剂在洗涤5 min时,去除效果最好,去除率高达76.47%,其去除效果均高于同浓度的水和氯化钠。     

改性花生壳活性炭的制备及其对活性艳蓝X-BR的脱色研究

以花生壳为原料,用3种不同制备类型的花生壳活性炭做对比实验,对活性炭制备时的活化状态、炭化温度、炭化时间以及脱色时的吸附时间和投加量等因素进行了探讨,研究了改性花生壳活性炭对活性艳蓝X-BR染料溶液的脱色效果。结果表明,炭化温度为450℃,炭化时间为3 h,先用磷酸活化然后炭化制得的活性炭性能最为优良;其对活性艳蓝溶液进行脱色时的最佳投加量为4 g/L,反应时间为2 h。