石化工业园员工PAHs的皮肤暴露及健康风险

本文选取典型石化城市茂名市某石化工业园30名员工(男女各15名)进行裸露(额头、手掌)和遮蔽皮肤部位(前臂、小腿)的擦拭采样,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了擦拭样品中15种多环芳烃的浓度(∑₁₅PAHs)并计算了经皮肤暴露和手-口接触的人体暴露剂量。结果表明,皮肤样品中∑₁₅PAHs的浓度范围为21~1.9×10⁴ng/m²,不同部位间PAHs浓度存在显著性差异(P<0.01),表现为额头>手掌>前臂>小腿。PAHs以3~4环PAHs组成为主。男女性别间PAHs组成无显著差异,∑₁₅PAHs女性高于男性,但无统计差异性。经皮肤吸收的PAHs日暴露剂量(DAD_derm)女性[41ng/(kg×d)]显著高于男性[28ng/(kg×d)]。手-口接触暴露剂量[0.34ng/(kg×d)]相比于皮肤暴露剂量[34ng/(kg×d)]可忽略不计。皮肤暴露剂量主要来自裸露部位皮肤的贡献(88%)。风险评价结果表明,PAHs的皮肤暴露和手-口接触暴露不存在明显的非致癌风险;但约7%员工的皮肤致癌风险高于可接受的水平(10^-4),表明存在一定的PAH致癌风险。     

Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, due to the unavailability of basic data, there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies. Therefore, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China, using first-hand data, to determine possible emission reduction measures. The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical (DSP) has the highest GHG emission intensity (1.17 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by Urumqi Petrochemical (UP) (1.08 tons CO₂e/ton), Dalian Petrochemical (DLP) (average 0.58 tons CO₂e/ton) and Karamay Petrochemical (KP) (average 0.50 tons CO₂e/ton) over the whole life cycle. At the same time, GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle, accounting for about 77.31%–94.27% of the total emissions. In the fossil-fuel combustion phase, DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions (1.20 tons CO₂e), followed by UP (0.89 tons CO₂e). In the industrial production phase, DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions (average 0.13 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by UP (0.10 tons CO₂e/ton). During the torch burning phase, torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions. It is worth noting that the CO₂ recovery stage has "negative value," indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits. Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.     

化工企业变更管理问题分析与启示

归纳了HSSE大检查工作中炼化和销售企业在变更管理上存在的典型问题,从管理职责、制度和执行方面进行了分析,并借鉴部分企业先进管理经验和好的做法,提出改进措施。     

某制革企业污染控制与环境管理中若干问题研究

通过对数家制革企业开展调查分析,探讨了制革企业在含铬、含硫废水分流处理和各生产环节臭气防治方面存在的若干技术与管理问题.首先,含铬废水和含硫废水收集与管理不规范统一致使后续废水预处理及生化处理受到影响;部分企业忽略了原皮存放及转运、皮革水场加工车间、污水处理设施等臭气产生环节的细节控制.最后提出针对性的对策与措施建议,包括统一规范含铬废水和含硫废水的收集与预处理范围,加强原皮仓库、水场和污水处理系统的恶臭全过程控制.     

基于风险的石油化工园区安全规划研究

为解决石油化工园区目前以标准规范规定的距离进行区域规划存在的局限性,提出基于风险进行石油化工园区安全规划的技术思路;研究、建立石油化工园区定量风险评估和区域规划技术方案,包括:危险源的辨识、评估单元选择、事故类型筛选、不同目标的风险标准、园区累积风险计算和基于风险进行区域规划的基本原则;应用建立的定量风险评估区域规划技术方案,对一石油化工园区光气及光气化产品项目进行定量风险评估、区域规划和布局,并与目前执行的距离标准进行对比分析。基于风险的石油化工园区安全规划,综合考虑危险源的危险特性和不同目标的风险承受能力,较之于距离法具有更强的针对性。     

黄岛石化区消防安全初评估

黄岛石化区是一个集油品储运、原油炼制、芳烃加工为一体的大型石油化工基地。目前,区域内拥有原油炼制能力达到1000多万吨,危险化学品存储能力接近1000万吨,危化品码头吞吐能力接近6000万吨,并且危化品项目的规模还在不断扩大中。鉴于危化品项目的危险性较高,石化区域的消防安全就成了企业生产安全的重要保障,而消防安全是否有保证则与区域内企业的生产存储装置的危险程度、安全设施配置、消防设施的配置以及消防队伍和车辆的配置等有直接的关系。笔者通过对区域内上述各方面信息的详细了解,并在参阅了大量技术文献资料的基础上,分别以生产装置火灾和存储装置火灾为对象进行了消防安全的初步评估,同时对区域内消防方面存在的问题提出改进建议。     

油气田企业固定资产投资项目节能评估工作研究

阐述了塔里木油田分公司实施固定资产投资项目节能评估的主要做法,分析了实施节能评估的时间节点问题,并指出建设节能评估配套体系文件的必要性,提出了对节能评估的几点认识。     

论促进企业环境守法的制度建构

企业是市场经济中重要的市场主体,其环境守法除了要求环境法律、法规、政策的完善,也有赖于环境执法工作的稳妥开展对企业守法的推动。通过制度和利润两方面分析企业环境守法困境,期望通过环境执法模式的改革,借鉴美国环境执法模式的经验,借助执法理念的变化实现企业自觉的环境守法。     

Working Conditions in Small Private Enterprises in Poland

The study deals with working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland. Data come from 50 small enterprises from the Warsaw area. Information about the evaluation of working conditions and the existence of programmes for their improvement was gathered with the help of questionnaires addressed to employees and employers. The results constitute a ‘photograph’ of the Polish reality at the beginning of its transition from planned to market economy. The study revealed a lack of programmes for the improvement of working conditions in a significant number of the enterprises studied as well as little interest in occupational safety on the part of employers (owners).

The study also revealed that all decisions—including those about the improvement of working conditions—were made by employers. Hence, the need for the widest possible dissemination of knowledge on occupational safety and the protection of human in the working environment with particular stress put on employers. Employers who are knowledgeable in this field and who are aware of its importance can significantly influence the improvement of working conditions in small enterprises.     

Cost and Benefits of Implementing an Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSH MS) in Enterprises in Poland

Abstract

This article presents a method of assessing the economic outcome of implementing an occupational safety and health management system (OSH MS). Developed at the Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (Poland), this method focuses on identifying the economic expenses comprising bookkeeping and alternative cost incurred to implement and improve an OSH MS. The method was next used in a study in 20 enterprises. While varying greatly among those enterprises, the alternative cost of implementing and maintaining an OSH MS was much higher than the bookkeeping cost, which was also much lower than the cost of statutory prevention measures. The implementation of an OSH MS resulted in both tangible and intangible benefits, including reduced premiums for work accident insurance.