PM2.5, PM10 and health risk assessment of heavy metals in a typical printed circuit noards manufacturing workshop

A typical Printed Circuit Board（PCB） manufacturer was chosen as the object of this study.During PCB processing, fine particulate matter and heavy metals（Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni）will be released into the air and dust, which then impact workers＇ health and the environment. The concentrations of total suspended particle（TSP）, PM10 and PM2.5in the off-site were 106.3, 90.0 and 50.2 μg/m3, respectively, while the concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5in the workshops ranged from 36.1 to 365.3, from 27.1 to 289.8 and from 22.1 to212.3 μg/m3, respectively. Almost all six of the heavy metals were detected in all of the particle samples except Cd. For each workshop, it was obvious that Zn was the most enriched metal in TSP, followed by Cu 〉 Pb（Cr） 〉 Ni 〉 Cd, and the same trend was found for PM10 and PM2.5. In the dust samples, Cu（which ranged from 4.02 to 56.31 mg/g） was the most enriched metal, followed by Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd, and the corresponding concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 4.47, 0.37 to 1.59, 0.26 to 0.84, 0.13 to 0.44 and nd to0.078 mg/g, respectively. The health risk assessment showed that noncancerous effects are unlikely for Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ni. The carcinogenic risks for Cd and Ni were all lower than 10-6, except for Cr. This result indicates that carcinogenic risks for workers are relatively possible in the workshops. These findings suggest that this technology is advanced from the perspective of environmental protection in the waste PCB＇s recycling industry.     

Energy based phenomenological model for optimizing the sheared edge in the trimming of steels

Attributes related to the dimensional quality of hot rolled steels are very important in commercial sectors that make direct use of this product, because delay or equipment damage can be avoided when forming in downstream operations. In this research, the steel sheet edge trimming process and its relationship with the defect known as broken edge is experimental and numerically studied. The type of material, horizontal clearance between knives and the energy spent during the cutting process are analyzed in detail. A metal-mechanical study is carried out for obtaining a microstructural hardness and flow stress characterization. Consequently, the edge trimming process is FEM simulated and its results in relation to knife penetration and shear stress lead to determining the energy spent during the cutting process. A mathematical model is determined under the consideration that minimum energy gives the optimum cutting conditions. The model proposes a reliable value for the horizontal clearance (H_c), between knives, taking as the principal factors: energy consumed during the edge trimming process, sheet thickness (T_h), carbon content (C) and/or its ultimate tensile strength, expressed as: H_c = α + βT_h − γC. A comparison of the recommended numerical results with the best practical conditions is carried out and a high coincidence is successfully found. This model is expected to be easily adopted as a tool where operators can adjust and control the parameters of process, and then, as a result, produce a sheet without edge trimming defects as well as a reduction in efficiency costs.     

印制电路板制造业结构优化调整思路探讨

以某典型城市为例,调查印制电路板制造业的经济技术发展现状和污染防治水平,分析该行业的对经济发展的带动作用、对电子信息业的配套作用和对环境的污染影响。在此基础上,提出产业调整思路和淘汰退出机制建议,以期为类似的重污染行业产业政策制定提供决策参考。     

典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中有机污染物特征分析

为评估制造业对纳污水体有机物的污染影响,了解污染河道中有机物的种类、含量及赋存特性,采用极性和非极性逐步分离的方法对广东佛山市顺德区容桂街道内河涌沉积物中的有机物进行了综合的物理图谱解析研究.结果表明,污染沉积物中共检出包括烷烃类、烯烃类、多环芳烃、苯系物、杂环类、邻苯二甲酸酯类、醛酮、极性化合物、含硅物质以及烷酸酯类等10大类有机污染物共171种.按检出污染物种类的数量分析,烷烃类>极性化合物>多环芳烃>醛酮类>杂环>苯系物、邻苯二甲酸酯类>烷酸酯类>含硅物质>烯烃.按照有机物相对丰度分析,烷烃类>极性化合物>烷酸酯类>烯烃类>多环芳烃>邻苯二甲酸酯类>含硅物质>醛酮>杂环类>苯系物.在相对含量最高的烷烃类有机污染物中,十九烷在同类物质中占比高达14.83%.毒害性持久性有机污染物多环芳烃的总有机物占比为2.33%,检测中还发现大量有机醇、酚等和涂料工业,邻苯二甲酸酯类等塑料工业以及和电子工业产业相关的有机硅类等物质.和同类研究相比,该区域检出51种、占总有机物55.5%丰度的烷烃类物质种类更丰富,含量更高.本研究对制造业纳污河涌沉积物的有机污染物分析研究,为同质污染河涌的污染治理提供参考.     

浙江省制药行业典型挥发性有机物臭氧产生潜力分析及健康风险评价

以浙江省4类制药工艺8家大型制药企业排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)为基础,通过国际公认的臭氧产生潜力和健康风险评价指标对制药行业排放VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害进行了初步的评估.结果表明,制药行业排放VOCs的臭氧产生最大潜力介于16.1～79.2 mL.m-3之间,主要贡献物为乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲苯、二甲苯等9种物质,其中4种为VOCs排放特征中的主要污染物.另外,VOCs产生的健康危害主要是苯、环氧乙烷、甲醛及二氯甲烷这4种致癌物造成,占非致癌风险评估值的69%以上,占致癌风险值的100%.此外,通过对排放特征、臭氧产生潜力及健康风险评价比较发现,在制定VOCs排放标准时,特别是控制因子的筛选中不能忽视VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害.     

MES在原油长输管道上的应用

MES是面向执行层的工厂层信息系统,MES作为生产与计划之间的信息纽带,为ERP系统和控制系统提供关键接口,将两者的信息有效连接起来,使整个企业有了一个无缝链接的完整的信息平台。介绍了MES的结构及其在长输管道中的应用,MES是长输管道良好的信息平台。     

采用高效物化生化组合工艺处理高浓度化学制药废水

根据化学合成制药排放废水的特点,水解酸化、微电解、絮凝、UBF、生物接触氧化、气浮工艺处理制药废水。实际运行结果表明：出水COD,BOD,SS等各项指标均能达到GB8978—1996（（污水综合排放标准》中I级排放标准,投资费用较低,运行效果稳定。     

制药工业水污染物环境风险预警技术研究进展

经济的快速发展和欧美制药工业低附加值中间产品生产向亚洲等不发达地区的转移,直接导致了我国制药工业水污染物的污染急速加剧,对人们的饮用水及生活构成威胁。文章介绍了制药工业水污染预警技术在国内外的发展状况以及制药废水预警技术与公共安全的关系,进一步展望了我国制药工业水污染物预警技术的发展趋势。希望以此促进我国制药工业水污染物预警技术的未来发展,增强人们利用制药工业水污染物预警技术监测、防范制药工业水污染物的环境风险和公共安全危害的意识和能力。     

A system model for green manufacturing

Manufacturing systems evolution is afunction in multiple external and internal factors. With today’s global awareness of environmental risks as well as the pressing needs to compete through efficiency, manufacturing systems are evolving into a new paradigm. This paper presents a system model for the new green manufacturing paradigm. The model captures various planning activities to migrate from a less green into a greener and more eco-efficient manufacturing. The various planning stages are accompanied by the required control metrics as well as various green tools in an open mixed architecture. The system model is demonstrated by an industrial case study. The proposed model is a comprehensive qualitative answer to the question of how to design and/or improve green manufacturing systems as well as a roadmap for future quantitative research to better evaluate this new paradigm.     

电化学双极法处理高浓度含铜黄连素制药废水

采用电化学双极法处理高浓度含铜黄连素制药废水。在分析其水质特征的基础上,分别考察了极板间距、电流和初始pH等因素对废水中黄连素和Cu2+去除率的影响。结果表明:无需添加电解质与氧化剂,在极板间距为2.0cm,电流为4.0 A,不调节废水pH的条件下,处理时间300 min内,黄连素和Cu2+浓度分别由初始的1 700和22 000mg/L下降至120和55.0 mg/L,去除率达93.3%和99.9%以上。通过计算得出,铜的平均回收率达到97.1%,即处理每t废水可回收铜21.4 kg。由此可见,电化学双极法既降解了废水中黄连素,又回收了大部分的铜。