试论排污权交易在环境管理中的作用

通过对排污权交易产生的原因和作用进行分析和探讨，指出在市场经济条件下，经济手段中最具代表性的排污权交易制度，将在我国的环境管理中发挥重要作用。     

电厂温排水对水库生态环境的影响

本文报告了电厂温排水对陡河水库生态环境的影响。结果表明,陡河水库年均水温比对照水体洋河水库提高2.8～4.8℃。溶解氧随着水温而变化,但从未低于5.0mg/l,增温后水体中各种营养盐类含量呈增加趋势,水体富营养化明显。     

MCRC硫磺回收技术

介绍ＭＣＲＣ硫磺回收装置工艺特征，结合装置历次考核标定的情况，对装置负荷、回收率及尾气排放问题进行分析，并介绍了装置整改和完善情况。     

活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅱ.限制有机物(BOD)的排放总量

着重研究了在限制有机物排放总量时，使其运行费用最低的最优周期控制问题．通过增加新的状态变量和用补偿函数法，将本课题的有约束条件问题化为无约束条件问题，并提出了最优步长参数的动态搜索法来修改传统的梯度法，从而较完善地解决了多变量最优周期控制的计算问题．研究中还发现了不同初始条件下最优控制所需要的运行费用也大不相同，进而提出了最优初始状态下最优周期控制的新概念，这对保证出水质量的同时进一步降低污水处理成本来说具有更重要的意义．本文还强调指出：对于尚不具备实现最优控制条件的处理系统，可根据最优控制的研究结果实现具有广泛实用价值的准最优控制．     

Influence of no-tillage on the distribution and lability of phosphorus in Finnish clay soils

No-tillage (NT) is a method adopted to reduce erosion and particulate phosphorus (P) load from arable land to watercourses. However, it has been found to increase the loss of dissolved P with surface runoff, but the reasons for that have rarely been examined in detail. The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical factors explaining this response by investigating the impact of NT on the type and distribution of P reserves as well as on organic carbon (C) in the 0–35 cm topsoil layer of clay soil profiles (Vertic Cambisols). Soil samples were taken from two experimental fields (Jokioinen and Aurajoki) at 0–5, 5–20 and 20–35 cm depths in conventionally tilled (CT) and non-tilled (for 4–5 years) plots. The plots had been cultivated and fertilized according to the common field practices in Finland (15–18 kg P and 100–128 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹).Inorganic and organic P reserves characterized by a modified Chang and Jackson fractionation procedure were not significantly affected by the cultivation methods. However, in the uppermost soil layer (0–5 cm) in NT of the Jokioinen field, the labile P determined by water extraction (P_w) increased significantly, whereas the increase in P extracted with acid ammonium acetate (P_AAC) remained statistically insignificant. The increase in labile P coincided with a significant increase in organic carbon (C), which supports the theory that competition between organic anions and phosphate for the same sorption sites on oxide surfaces will enhance the lability of soil P. In the Aurajoki field with distinct soil cracking, P_w and P_AAC were not affected by NT in the uppermost soil layer, but they increased in the deepest soil layer (20–35 cm) concomitantly with an increase in Al-bound P and organic C. However, the increases were not statistically significant. In both fields, soil acidification due to the repeated application of N fertilizers at a shallow soil depth as well as the accumulation of organic C lowered pH of the uppermost soil layer in NT compared to the deeper soil layers. The results indicated that even short-term NT can increase the labile P in clay soil. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term changes in lability of surface soil P and, consequently, the possible need for readjustment of the fertilization level in NT.     

三峡库区典型小流域氮磷流失特征

为揭示三峡库区农业非点源物氮、磷流失的一般规律,以三峡库区秭归县的张家冲小流域为研究对象,自2005年1月至2006年4月,在自然降雨条件下,同步观测降雨、地表径流量,并对2次降雨径流的全过程进行了氮、磷浓度的测定,对降雨过程中径流量及污染物浓度随降雨-径流变化过程进行了监测研究.结果表明,长期干旱后的初期降雨径流中的氮、磷浓度明显高于雨季径流中的浓度,且氮、磷浓度变化与流量变化呈现出大致相同的趋势.降雨初期,氮、磷浓度随径流量的增大而升高;随着流量的继续增大,浓度呈现出下降趋势.对浓度随流量变化过程的监测表明,与基流中的浓度相比,总氮和硝态氮的浓度变化幅度较小,而氨氮和总磷浓度变化的幅度较大,其最大值分别是其最小值的10和67.5倍.溶解性的氨氮排放主要受降雨条件的制约,而径流中的磷主要是以颗粒态存在通过对径流量和氮、磷排放负荷的多项式回归分析表明,TN、TP、NH4 -N和NO3--N的排放负荷和径流量之间存在着多项式关系,R2分别为0.9545、0.9740、0.9677和0.9504.     

洗涤剂磷对日本三角涡虫生长的影响

观察了含磷量不同的洗衣粉溶液对日本三角涡虫生长的影响。结果表明:无论洗衣粉含磷量高低对日本三角涡虫生长均有毒害影响,且高磷洗衣粉对涡虫的毒害远大于低磷洗衣粉,磷量的增加与涡虫死亡率呈正相关。实验中,自来水对照组对涡虫生长无影响。     

环境激素双酚A释放及降解进展

通过对环境激素双酚A的概念、危害、应用、释放、降解与去除的介绍，指出在今后的科研工作中，加强双酚A降解菌的筛选，并研究其生理、生化、遗传特性，对从分子水平了解其降解机制以及构建高效工程菌具有重要意义。     

全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用

应用土壤流失方程(USLE),根据我国土壤水力侵蚀分类分级标准,建立了大尺度区域土壤侵蚀量的估算模型;基于GIS技术平台,利用土壤普查数据,构建了全国表层土壤氮磷含量数据库,完成了2000年全国境内水土流失影响下吸附态氮磷的流失量估算.经数据合理性分析验证后得出以下结论:(1)全国因水土流失引发的吸附态氮素和磷素的流失总量分别达到104.22×104t和34.65×104t;(2)长江、珠江和黄河三大流域的吸附态氮、磷流失量之和分别占全国总量的83%和89%,单位面积(1km2)吸附态氮、磷的流失量分别介于6.0×10-4～0.53t和2.1×10-4～0.13t之间;(3)吸附态氮的重点流失区主要分布在长江中上游水土易蚀区、黄河中游沟壑区、西辽河上游区、珠江流域红水河、西江等上游区以及怒江、澜沧江下游区.     

稀土吸附剂对废水深度除磷研究

通过浸渍——干燥——焙烧法制备预载镧氧化物稀土吸附剂，探讨了该吸附剂对水中磷的吸附性能。研究表明在镧离子浓度为0．025mol／1、pH为10-11的溶液中浸渍，于500℃温度下焙烧制得的稀土吸附剂，其除磷效果可达95％。