球形红细菌好氧降解氯代苯研究

采用光合细菌球形红细菌在好氧条件下对氯代苯进行生物降解.结果表明,氯代苯不能作为球形红细菌生长的惟一碳源和能源,球形红细菌好氧降解氯代苯是在适宜碳源存在下以共代谢的方式进行;根据分析细胞提取液中双加氧酶活性和代谢中间产物,推断出其降解机制为邻位裂解途径,按先开环再脱氯过程进行,邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的活性可以通过氯代...     

利用光微生物燃料电池实现养猪废水资源化利用研究

采用光合细菌和微藻分别作为阳极和阴极接种物构建了双室光微生物燃料电池,考察了氮、磷浓度及阳极处理后的养猪废水对阴极微藻生长的影响,探讨了构建的光微生物燃料电池产电性能及去除养猪废水中COD、氨氮和总磷的效果.结果表明,阴极微藻不仅能利用无机硝态氮和氨氮,而且更喜好有机氮尿素;此外,阴极微藻可适应较高浓度的氮(250 mg·L-1)和磷(64.8 mg·L-1).构建的光微生物燃料电池以养猪废水为基质,外载为1000Ω时,稳定输出电压为161 m V;养猪废水的COD、氨氮及总磷去除率分别为91.8%、90.2%和81.7%.养猪废水经阳极光合细菌处理后培养微藻16 d,藻细胞光密度(OD680)可达3.40,略低于对照BG11培养基.因此,构建的光微生物燃料电池在处理养猪废水产电的同时,可收获微藻实现养猪废水资源化.     

Leaf area development, dry weight accumulation and solar energy conversion efficiencies of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under different soil moisture levels near Nairobi, Kenya

Leaf area development, dry weight accumulation and solar energy conversion efficiencies of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv GLP-2 under two soil moisture levels in two contrasting seasons near Nairobi, Kenya were investigated. The experiment confirms that dry weights and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris are limited by a drought induced decrease in leaf area, leading to less radiation interception as a source for assimilation. However, photosynthetic efficiency in Phaseolus vulgaris also appears to decrease and to contribute to these effects. Finally, an even larger decreases of economic efficiency as obtained in the second season, where stress lasted much later into the season, reveals that such a drought also limits considerably the partitioning and translocation of assimilates to the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. The efficiencies obtained are in line with the better literature data for other crops.     

Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activities and identification of intermediate products during phytoremediation of an anionic dye (C. I. Acid Blue 92) by pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris)

The potential of pennywort(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)for phytoremediation of C.I.Acid Blue 92(AB92)was evaluated.The efects of various experimental parameters including pH,temperature,dye concentration and plant weight on dye removal efciency were investigated.The results showed that the optimal condition for dye removal were pH 3.5 and temperature 25°C.Moreover,the absolute dye removal enhanced with increase in the initial dye concentration and plant weight.Pennywort showed the same removal efciency in repeated experiments(four runs)as that obtained from the first run(a 6-day period).Therefore,the ability of the plant in consecutive removal of AB92 confirmed the biodegradation process.Accordingly,a number of produced intermediate compounds were identified.The efect of treatment on photosynthesis and antioxidant defense system including superoxide dismutase,peroxidase and catalase in plant roots and leaves were evaluated.The results revealed a reduction in photosynthetic pigments content under dye treatments.Antioxidant enzyme responses showed marked variations with respect to the plant organ and dye concentration in the liquid medium.Overall,the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity under AB92 stress in the roots was much higher than that in the leaves.Nevertheless,no significant increase in malondialdehyde content was detected in roots or leaves,implying that the high efciency of antioxidant system in the elimination of reactive oxygen species.Based on these results,pennywort was founded to be a capable species for phytoremediation of AB92-contaminated water,may be efective for phytoremediation dye-contaminated polluted aquatic ecosystems.     

模拟3种类型酸雨对木荷光合生理特性的影响

我国酸雨类型正在由硫酸型酸雨(Sulfuric acid rain,SAR)逐步向混合型酸雨(Mixed acid rain,MAR)、硝酸型酸雨(Nitricacid rain,NAR)转变,由此将产生各种未知环境效应。以木荷(Schima superba)为试验材料,在试验大棚内测定其在此3种光合生理特性参数。结果表明,在酸雨胁迫下木荷都受到不同程度的伤害。在同酸雨类型不同pH值处理下,3种酸雨类型均以pH 2.5处理各类光合参数数值较低,但是在pH 4.0时MAR处理的光饱和点(LSP)值最高,达到508.3μmol/(m²·s),此时对应的表观量子效率(AQE)值最低,为0.023 CO_2/photon;对照组(CK,pH 5.6)在3种类型酸雨处理中,以SAR处理数值最低。不同酸雨类型同pH值处理下,SAR和MAR处理的光响应曲线pH 4.0组均低于pH 2.5组和CK组,而NAR处理的光响应曲线pH 4.0组高于pH 2.5组和CK组;而且,3种酸雨类型处理pH 2.5组的最大光合速率(A_(max))始终低于CK组。这说明植物的A_(max)在一定程度上随着酸雨浓度的增加而减小。     

掺氮碳量子点对光合细菌生长过程的影响

以柠檬酸为碳源、乙二胺为修饰剂,一步水热合成了掺氮碳量子点（N-CQDs）.通过分析光合色素、蛋白质和丙二醛等生理指标,研究了N-CQDs对光合细菌Rhodopseudomonas acidophila生长的影响.结果表明N-CQDs抑制了R.acidophila的生长并呈现浓度-效应关系;光合色素分析表明N-CQDs促使R.acidophila菌体的类胡萝卜素含量提高,菌绿素含量降低;光谱分析表明N-CQDs导致了胞内物质（如光合色素、蛋白质等）的泄漏.N-CQDs较强的光诱导电子转移能力导致R.acidophila培养体系中产生过量自由基,自由基引发一系列脂质过氧化反应,进而导致生物膜的破裂、物质外泄和细菌衰亡.光照下N-CQDs对R.acidophila表现出较高的毒性.研究结果对于认识N-CQDs的光致毒性及其生态环境效应具有一定的参考价值.     

超声对蓝藻细胞生理影响的研究

蓝藻水华会使水体水质恶化,破坏水生生态系统,同时会增加水处理成本,产生臭味并释放藻毒素。蓝藻水华问题成为社会各界的关注热点。超声由于具有反应速度快,操作简便,在处理过程中不引入其他化学物质等优点,已被广泛应用于水处理领域,包括用于蓝藻水华的控制。总结了超声作用参数对蓝藻生长效果的影响,从藻细胞的光合活性、酯酶活性和抗氧化酶系统等方面探讨了超声对蓝藻生理方面产生的影响,分析了超声对藻细胞的作用机理,并对后续的研究进行了展望,以期为超声控制蓝藻水华的相关研究提供参考。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

镉胁迫下铵态氮对春小麦光合生理特性的影响

为了研究铵态氮肥在缓解镉毒害对植物影响方面的作用,减少镉的危害,试验采用盆栽方法模拟镉污染农田,以辽春10号小麦Triticum aestivum为试材,无氮无镉的处理（H0）作为对照,设置5个铵态氮施用水平,即0（CH0）、75（CH1）、150（CH2）、225（CH3）和300（CH4）kg·hm-2,研究不同施氮量下铵态氮肥对小麦光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：与无氮无镉处理相比,无氮镉胁迫处理极显著地（P〈0.01）抑制了小麦叶片净光合速率（Pn）、叶片气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2体积分数（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和Hill反应活力,但对小麦叶绿素含量和叶绿体Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性的抑制作用不显著（P〉0.05）;小麦叶片Gs,Ci和Tr随着施氮量增加逐渐升高,而小麦叶片Pn、叶绿素含量、Hill反应活力和叶绿体Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,从净光合速率角度看,225 kg·hm-2施氮水平（CH3）氮的解毒作用最佳。     

CO_2和O_3浓度升高及其复合作用对华山松生长及光合日变化的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的5年生华山松幼树为实验材料,采用开顶箱法,研究高浓度CO2和高浓度O3下华山松生长变化、光合速率的日变化动态以及日光合总量季节变化,进而了解大气CO2浓度升高、O3浓度升高及其复合作用对华山松光合作用及生长的影响.结果表明,①高浓度O3处理后,华山松20～90 d针叶鲜重、干重增长量以及90 d针叶叶长较对照分别降低45.8%、38.9%和15.3%.主侧枝生长与对照相比无显著差异.高浓度O3降低了华山松日光合总量,处理30 d后,针叶净光合速率均显著低于对照,光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰型,光合"午休"程度强于对照.②高浓度CO2处理后,华山松针叶鲜重、干重20～90 d增长量分别高于对照41.7%和22.2%,而针叶叶长以及主侧枝长未受显著影响.华山松日光合总量高于对照处理,处理30 d、60 d时,净光合速率普遍高于对照.CO2处理90 d时,日变化曲线由双峰变为单峰曲线,极大缓解了光合"午休"现象.③高浓度O3和CO2复合处理后,针叶干重、鲜重增量均低于对照,表明了复合处理后O3伤害的发生,但针叶干重高于O3单因子处理,这表明高浓度CO2可以一定程度上缓解高浓度O3对华山松针叶生长的抑制作用.针叶叶长,主侧枝生长未见明显效应.复合处理后,针叶净光合速率普遍低于对照,华山松日光合总量低于对照而高于O3单独处理,说明高浓度CO2可以通过减缓O3对植物光合的抑制而减少O3伤害.光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰型.