《大气污染防治行动计划》对郑州市冬季PM2.5浓度及化学组成影响

基于《大气污染防治行动计划》实施前后,在污染严重的冬季（2013年和2018年12月同期）,采集郑州市监测站的PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5化学组成,通过对比分析PM_2.5中的EC、OC、水溶性离子和金属元素的浓度变化来评估PM_2.5浓度及化学组成的变化,同时选取不同阶段重污染过程,探究PM_2.5浓度及组成的变化. 结果表明：①郑州市冬季ρ（PM_2.5）平均值由2013年的（215.38 ±107.28） μg·m^-3 下降至2018年的（77.45 ±49.81） μg·m^-3,下降率高达64%. ②PM_2.5中EC、K⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-,分别下降了85%、80%、78%和72%;OC、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-下降幅度较小,分别为50%、41%和32%. ③与2013年冬季相比,2018年冬季OC/EC的值升高了2.6倍,二次有机碳在OC中占比升高至57%;同时,硫氧化率和氮氧化率的值分别升高了1.5倍和1.0倍,表明郑州市二次污染较为严重,二次转化程度升高. ④NO₃^-/SO₄^2-（质量比）由2013年的0.8 ±0.2升高至2018年2.5 ±1.0,表明郑州市移动源贡献上升并且超过固定源成为冬季大气污染的主要来源. ⑤不同阶段重污染过程对比结果显示,与2013年相比,2018年重污染过程中PM_2.5浓度下降显著,峰值浓度下降了61%,主要化学组成由OC、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺变为OC、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺. 研究结果表明郑州市一次排放源管控取得了显著的成效,但二次生成对PM_2.5贡献呈现升高趋势,因此未来需要关注二次生成的影响.     

Dynamics of Bacterial Abundance,Biomass, Activity,and Community Composition in the Oligotrophic Traunsee and the Traun River (Austria)

The holomictic Traunsee is the deepest and second largest lakein Austria. The special characteristic of this ecosystem isthe fact that local salt and soda industries presumably alterthe lake by the discharge of waste materials. Since thebeginning of the 20th century salt and soda works areannually releasing up to 50,000 tons of solid wastes and up to150,000 tons of chloride into Traunsee. To assess potentialeffects of these anthropogenic impacts on the bacterioplanktonthree sampling sites, influenced as well as not influenced bythe industrial discharge, were chosen for comparison andsampled monthly from November 1997 to October 1998. Bacterialabundance ranged between 0.4 to 3.0 × 10⁶ cells ml^-1 with decreasing numbers along the depth profile. Theproportion of actively respiring bacteria, i.e. INT [2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride]reducing cells, never exceeded 10% of DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to examine the seasonal and spatial distribution of dominant phylogenetic groups of thebacterioplankton. Up to 84% of bacteria detected with DAPIcould be detected via FISH applying the universal bacterialprobe EUB338. Percentages of alpha- and beta-Proteobacteriaand members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster did notexceed 60% of DAPI-stained cells.Beta-Proteobacteriaappeared to be the most abundant group, not only in Traunsee butalso in two reference lakes, Attersee and Hallstättersee. No significant differences in any of the bacterial parameters couldbe detected between the three sampling sites and all measurementswere found in the range reported for oligotrophic lakes. The highdischarge of the Traun River, resulting in a lake water renewaltime of only one year, may diminish possible effects of industrial waste discharge in the pelagic zone.     

A Comparison of Precipitation Sensors Used on the Wet-Only Collectors

The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition.     

吕梁山连片贫困区南部水资源实物量表特征

为实现区域水资源的优化配置及区域经济、社会和水资源的协调持续发展,查明区域水资源实物量,选取水资源生态极为脆弱的吕梁山连片贫困区的南部地区,基于2008—2017年的水资源数据,编制区域水资源实物量表,分析水资源实物量的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）吕梁山南部贫困区水资源实物存量在研究期内呈明显增加趋势,增长值（含重复计算量）高达6101×10⁴m³,其中地表水实物存量期间增长最快,地下水实物存量期间增长较慢;第一产业用水增加明显,这与区域高耗水的经果林大面积推广种植有关。（2）居民生活用水增长明显,人均生活用水量增加较快,居民生活用水是当地水资源实物存量变化的主要影响因素。（3）研究区各县水资源实物量空间分布差异大,县域间水资源平均存量最大相差3971.4 m³;单位面积平均水资源存量及单位面积平均水资源实际使用量均为隰县最多,吉县最少;隰县人均生活用水量最多,汾西县人均生活用水量最少。（4）实际用水量与水资源总量相关程度高,水资源的存量在一定程度上制约了水资源的实际使用量。研究结果对于区域水资源优化配置及吕梁山连片贫困区早日实现脱贫攻坚具有重要的科学指导意义。     

松嫩平原西部碱尘气溶胶的时段变化及其气候影响因素分析

利用耦合等离子体发射光谱测试技术(ICP-AES)对松嫩平原西部2003年7月到2004年5月间获得的大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品进行了元素分析,并结合气象资料和TSP质量浓度,初步确定了碱尘活动年际内的演变规律及其主要控制因素.结果表明,TSP质量浓度的高峰时段是早春,其元素总体浓度亦高于其它时段,其中Na元素浓度具有明显的高值,表明碱尘在该时段为TSP的主要成分;晚春时段区域沙尘影响加强,很难监测本地碱尘活动;夏季,碱尘的3种重要元素(Na、Ca、K)含量增加,表明夏季有碱尘活动,与TSP浓度偏高吻合;秋季,碱尘和区域沙尘的活动均减弱.影响碱尘活动的气候因子主要是风力、降水量、温度、日照和湿度,但不同时段其主导作用不同.     

Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Bryophyte Species Composition of Calcareous Grasslands

Regular additions of NH₄NO₃ (35–140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) to a calcareous grassland in northern England over a period of 12 years have resulted in a decline in the frequency of the indigenous bryophyte species and the establishment of non-indigenous calcifuge species, with implications for the structure and composition of this calcareous bryophyte community. The lowest NH₄NO₃ additions of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ produced significant declines in frequency of Hypnum cupressiforme, Campylium chrysophyllum, and Calliergon cuspidatum. Significant reductions in frequency at higher NH₄NO₃ application rates were recorded for Pseudoscleropodium purum, Ctenidum molluscum, and Dicranum scoparium. The highest NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ additions provided conditions conducive for the establishment of two typical calcifuges – Polytrichum spp. and Campylopus introflexus, respectively. Substrate-surface pH measurements showed a dose-related reduction in pH with increasing NH₄NO₃ deposition rates of 1.6 pH units between the control and highest deposition rate, and a further significant fall in pH, of >1 pH unit, between the NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments. These results suggest that indigenous bryophyte composition may be at risk from nitrogen deposition rates of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or less. These effects are of particular concern for rare or endangered species of low frequency.     

我国不同矿物气溶胶源区物质的物理化学特征

在我国不同的矿物气溶胶源区进行采样分析的结果表明,源区气溶胶物质的物理化学特性相差很大.黄土的颗粒最细,91%的黄土颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶进行长距离输送;沙土较粗,只有15%的沙尘颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶;2个煤灰样品的粒径差异较大,抚顺煤灰中＜74μm的颗粒高达39%,而呼和浩特煤灰只有7%.不同粒径颗粒的化学分析结果表明,微量元素在细颗粒上有较高的富集.黄土与沙漠土壤的细颗粒的化学性质十分相似,同煤灰的化学性质完全不同,其常量元素与A1的比值(E/Al)十分接近,而且与深海沉积物粘土中的比值(E/A1)     

贵州典型酸雨城市大气降水化学组成特征

本研究于2012年3月~2013年2月,采集了贵州省典型酸雨城市—都匀市的大气降水,分析了其中pH、阴阳离子及重金属元素等分布特征及可能来源。研究结果表明:都匀市降水存在一定酸化现象,40.4%降水样品pH5.6。阴离子以SO42-和NO3-为主,平均含量分别为180.7μmol/L、50.7μmol/L,SO42-/NO3-值为1.44~15.62,降水属于硫酸-硝酸混合型。阳离子以NH4+是最主要的,平均值为129.8μmol/L,占无机阳离子总量的50.8%。降水中重金属元素(Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Cr)含量较低,与国内其他地区相比,Hg的含量偏高。降水中总离子浓度表现为冬、春季较高,夏、秋季较低。相关性分析表明:降水中化学组分以CaSO4、MgSO4、NH4SO4、Ca(NO3)2等为主。Ca2+与Mg2+主要来自陆源性颗粒物,NO3-、SO42-、F-主要来自化石燃料燃烧及金属冶炼,重金属元素主要来源于燃煤以及人为活动污染。     

Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Tetraselmis Suecia and Isochrysis Galbana During Growth and Decay

The variations of the biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana during growth and decay were determined. the content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of the cultures, as expected, slowly degraded into phaeopigments during decay, confirming that chlorophyll measurements do not always provide an accurate estimate of phytoplanktonic biomass and, consequently, may fail if used to measure the food availability of particulate matter for consumers. Measurements of total amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, related to the nutritional value of particles in terms of caloric content, are shown to provide information on the readily available food for consumers, particularly during the blooms. the protein/carbohydrate, C/N and POC/Chl-a ratios were used to evaluate the differences between these two species during the growth and the decomposition processes. A comparison between experimental and field conditions was undertaken to implement our understanding of the growth and degradation processes of particulate organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin in the sea and its role on natural systems, during and after phytoplankton blooms.     

关于建立资源与环境快速反应系统的探讨

本文阐述了国家快速反应系统的概念及其作用。以建立资源与环境快速反应系统为例,说明建立系统的必要性、系统的内容、组成及技术指示。