低碳试点政策是否提高了城市碳排放效率——基于低碳试点城市的准自然实验研究

作为推动我国低碳经济发展的重要政策,低碳试点城市建设成效在当今我国面临碳减排及经济下行双重压力的情况下显得尤为重要。基于2006—2018年间的279个地级市样本数据,运用超效率SBM模型核算了城市碳排放效率,并通过双重差分模型实证检验了低碳试点政策对城市碳排放效率的影响。研究表明：低碳试点政策能够显著提高城市碳排放效率,这一结论在经过PSM-DID等一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。异质性分析发现,低碳试点政策对碳排放效率的影响在东西部及非资源型地区更显著。机制分析则表明,低碳试点政策的政策效应主要通过提高城市技术创新水平和调整城市能源结构来发挥作用。区分东中西地区的作用机制检验结果表明,东部地区的试点政策主要通过调整能源结构及产业结构合理化来影响碳排放效率,西部地区和中部地区则分别主要通过技术创新和产业结构合理化发挥作用。本文为加强低碳试点城市建设、实现碳减排与经济发展双赢提供了有益的经验启示。     

基于反硝化除磷的低温启动与稳定运行的中试试验

为了解反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的脱氮除磷特性,以实际生活污水为研究对象,在低温(6～16)℃下采用改良UCT工艺开展了中试规模(20 m3)的反硝化除磷试验研究.结果表明,当T为6～12℃,HRT为20 h,SRT为35 d改良UCT工艺可成功启动并稳定运行.稳定运行时,系统能保持60%±5%的脱氮率,80%±5%的除磷率,其中COD、NH4+-N、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)出水浓度分别为20、5、11和0. 5 mg·L-1,可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A排放标准.为进一步考察该系统脱氮除磷特性,增大好氧池到缺氧池回流比至150%,待系统稳定后,系统可获得较高的脱氮除磷率,其中脱氮率为80%±10%,除磷率为90%±5%.其中,缺氧池反硝化除磷的作用占总生物除磷的80%±4%,COD、NH4+-N、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均出水浓度分别为19. 55、0. 1、7. 8和0. 15 mg·L-1,可达到京标A排放标准.     

涝渍地农业综合整治开发示范区规划探讨

通过中日合作项目“湖北省江汉平原四湖涝渍地综合开发计划”两个涝渍地综合开发示范区的有关实践，对该区涝渍地开发规划方法进行了系统探讨。研究表明，江汉平原涝渍地大体上可分成以河流冲积物为主和以湖积与冲积共同作用形成的两类地区，两者在地貌、土壤结构、耕作方式和经济发展阶段上存在较大差异，应该区别对待；“单元水系”可作为涝渍地区域综合开发最基层的区域单元。水土资源存在的巨大潜力和障碍应作为规划的出发点，其开发模式可借鉴日本“农田综合整备”的理论与实践；田间土地整治及其附属物设施建设的技术标准应以我国近20年来关于涝渍地排水的工程标准为主，适当参照世界先进国家标准。数量化理论I可作为规划前对涝渍地微域土地进行综合评价的一种合适方法；鉴于涝渍地开发的阶段性，对现阶段涝渍地开发效果的评价指标的选择，应在农田的物理结构改变效果、农业深度开发与结构调整效果和综合经济效益效果等3方面取得平衡。以第一方面的评价为重点，给出了一个相应的评价体系。     

氨氮负荷对膜曝气生物膜反应器部分亚硝化性能的影响

对不同进水氨氮负荷下中试膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR)部分亚硝化性能进行了考察,旨在确定在MABR中启动、优化和维持稳定亚硝化的控制策略.在进水氨氮表面负荷由(4.9±0.4)g·m-2·d-1(以N计,下同)升至(9.1±0.5)g·m-2·d-1的过程中,MABR氨氮去除负荷可以达到(5.7±0.5)g·m-2·d-1.当进水氨氮负荷为7.4 g·m-2·d-1时,本试验MABR部分亚硝化效果最佳,亚硝化率可达96.3%.部分亚硝化的维持需要控制合适的生物膜厚度,当生物膜厚度在110~170μm之间时,MABR亚硝化率在90%左右,能够有效实现对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的抑制和亚硝酸盐的积累.利用微生物比氧利用率(SOURAOB)来反映生物膜中氨氧化菌(AOB)的活性,发现MABR生物膜的SOURAOB可达(133.9±31.1)mg·g-1·h-1(以每g SS利用的O2量(mg)计).实时定量PCR结果也表明AOB为MABR生物膜中的优势菌群,其微生物丰度比接种污泥高出3个数量级.通过调控进水氨氮负荷和生物膜厚度,维持AOB的种群优势和高活性并同时抑制NOB的活性,可以实现MABR的稳定部分亚硝化.     

炼油污水厂生物强化处理中试研究

为考察生物强化技术对污水系统污染物去除能力和稳定性的改善情况，验证生物强化技术在炼油废水处理中的应用效果，开展了生物强化技术处理炼油废水的中试研究。结果表明，经过生物强化培养后，COD去除率由原来的平均78．23％-78．75％提升至86．48％-89．09％，氨氮去除率由原来的平均58．40％～90．96％提升至95．51％-96．96％，污泥沉降性大幅改善，出水悬浮物明显减少。     

火炬火焰监测技术实验测试及对比研究

基于Labview软件,开展热电偶探测、紫外火焰探测、离子火焰监测系统对火炬长明灯火焰响应的实验研究和数据分析.通过分析比较不同火焰监测系统的响应信号,得出以下结论:热电偶监测技术响应时间较长;紫外监测技术响应时间为2-4s,但其输出电压值较小,且在实际运行过程中无法区分高空点火器火焰及长明灯火焰;火焰离子监测技术响应时间为2-6s,输出信号强,容易实现火焰燃烧状态的快速判断.     

民航飞行员非技术技能评价模型的研究

为了准确地掌握飞行员的非技术技能,提高安全培训效能和飞行机组排班的科学性,对飞行员非技术技能的评价模型进行了研究,从飞行员的机组交流与合作能力、自动化系统意识、情境意识与决策、领导与管理、应激能力5个方面构建了飞行员非技术技能评价指标体系,运用灰色关联分析-因子分析相结合的方法建立了飞行员非技术技能评价模型。运用此模型对某航空公司5名不同背景的飞行员的非技术技能实施了评价。研究结果表明:此模型可以定量地判定飞行员非技术技能的高低,并能够识别飞行员非技术技能的薄弱环节。     

Use of inert C&D materials for seawall foundation: A field-scale pilot test

The generation rate of construction and demolition (C&D) materials in Hong Kong has well exceeded the demand rate. An innovative solution has been developed by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government to use the inert portion of C&D materials, denoted as public fill, for seawall foundation construction. A field-scale pilot test has been conducted to evaluate the constructability and engineering performance of the foundation so as to establish the viability of the solution. Details of the pilot test and results of the performance evaluation are presented in this paper. More importantly, the viability of an innovation solution to achieve effective allocation of sand fill resources, and conservation and recycling of inert C&D materials has been established.     

RECLAIMED WASTE WATER FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT. The Orange County Water District has conducted studies in waste water reclamation and groundwater recharge since 1965. The work has been done in three phases: (1) Study in both laboratory and pilot-scale units on the feasibility of reclaiming trickling filter effluent for injection through wells into confined aquifers; (2) long-term injection study to determine the fate of injected reclaimed water and to observe the performance of a multi-casing injection well; (3) testing alternative treatment methods in a 25,000 gpd pilot plant to solve the water quality problems which developed during the injection study. The reclaimed trickling filter effluent was found to be injectable and did not cause excessive well clogging. The multi-casing injection wells performed very satisfactorily. The reclaimed water would be acceptable for domestic use after travel through 500 feet of a confined aquifer in that bacteria, virus and toxic material were consistently absent. However, the odor and taste which persisted in the injected reclaimed water and the high concentration of dissolved inorganics are undesirable characteristics. Methods to eliminate the odor are being tested at the present time. A cooperative project with the Office of Saline Water is under way to develop a source of desalted seawater to blend with reclaimed waste water.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal(SNDPR),a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale,anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch(OD),where the volumes of anaerobic zone,anoxic zone,and ditches zone of the OD system were 7,21,and 280L,respectively.The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d.The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)rate(rSND) was put forward to quantify SND.The results indicate that:(1)high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase,total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate(TP) removal rates were 80%and 85%,respectively;(2)when the system was aerated excessively,the stability of SND was damaged,and rSND dropped from 80% to 20%or less;(3)the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to MJ4 in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential (ORP);(4)when NO3- was less than 6 mg/L.high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved;(5)denitrifying phosphorus removal (DNPR) could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system.The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.