A Scenario Optimization Model for Dynamic Reserve Site Selection

Conservation planners are called upon to make choices and trade-offs about the preservation of natural areas for the protection of species in the face of development pressures. We addressed the problem of selecting sites for protection over time with the objective of maximizing species representation, with uncertainty about future site development, and with periodic constraints on the number of sites that can be selected. We developed a 0–1, linear optimization model with 2 periods to select the sites that maximize expected species coverage subject to budget constraints. The model is based on the idea that development uncertainty can be characterized by a set of scenarios, each of which is a possible second-period development outcome for the set of sites. We also suggest that our 2-period model can be used in a sequential fashion that is consistent with adaptive planning. Results are presented for the Fox River watershed in Chicago.     

柴河铅锌矿尾矿库复垦治理中不同覆土与植被措施的效益估算

以铁岭柴河铅锌矿尾矿库复垦治理为例,根据尾矿库“生态封闭”原理,选取表层覆土50cm种植紫穗槐（措施1）、设置土工布隔离后覆土30cm种植紫穗槐（措施2）和厚覆土150cm种植刺槐与紫穗槐（措施3）等3种不同覆土及植被措施,运用影子工程法、替代成本法、恢复费用法和生态价值法等方法,构建尾矿库覆土与植被措施的效益估算模型,估算各措施的深层淋滤污染扩散防治效益、地表径流侵蚀扩散防治效益和风蚀扩散防治效益.效益估算结果表明：措施1、措施2和措施3的深层淋滤污染扩散防治效益分别为2975.24,3449.56,3604.75万元/a;3种措施可在不同程度上减少表层覆土流失、下游河道淤积及水体重金属污染,产生的地表径流侵蚀扩散防治效益分别为1222.66,2585.71,2586.75万元/a;3种覆土及植被措施均可有效抑制重金属风蚀污染扩散,产生的风蚀扩散防治效益分别为1235.45,1235.45,1237.86万元/a. 3种覆土及植被措施在重金属污染防治方面的综合效益分别为5433.35,7270.72,7429.36万元/a. 深层淋滤污染扩散防治效益在综合效益中所占比重最大,尾矿库覆土及植被措施的选择应以控制雨水入渗淋滤为主,结合降雨、蒸发等气象因素和覆盖土壤特性等,考虑治理成本,合理确定覆土厚度以及设置隔离层的必要性.     

北京市安定生活垃圾填埋场膜覆盖工艺甲烷减排量评估

为减少臭气污染和温室气体排放,北京市生活垃圾填埋场于2008年开始推行膜覆盖工艺。目前对于膜覆盖工艺甲烷减排效果尚缺乏综合评估。选择北京市安定生活垃圾填埋场为研究对象,采用现场测量与模型估算分析评估了2014年填埋场膜覆盖工艺与传统黏土覆盖工艺甲烷排放量的差异。结果表明:填埋场膜覆盖工艺和传统黏土覆盖工艺的甲烷年总排放量分别为3.43×10~6m~3和5.56×10~6m~3,膜覆盖工艺甲烷年减排量为2.13×10~6m~3,减排率达到38.3%,甲烷减排效果明显。     

Maximizing Species Representation under Limited Resources: A New and Efficient Heuristic

The maximal covering species problem (MCSP) is becoming an accepted method for selecting networks of reserves for the preservation of species and their habitats. Drawing on experience with the MC location P (MCLP), we expect that the objective function in the region of the optimum is quite flat. This implies many equal-optimal and near-optimal solutions for any particular problem. We propose a new type of heuristic for the MCSP: an interchange heuristic which frequently provides a better solution than greedy adding heuristics now commonly used. The proposed interchange heuristic, with multiple random starts, gives one a range of alternative sets of sites rather than a single mathematically selected solution, from which a final satisfactory solution can be chosen.     

厌氧条件下深谷型湖泊底泥覆盖效果研究

为有效控制深谷型湖泊内源污染,构建底泥活性覆盖系统,以脱碱赤泥为主料,粉煤灰、黏土和Ca CO3为辅料,制作了不同配比的底泥覆盖材料,并评价其在厌氧条件下对湖泊内源污染物的控制效果。结果表明:底泥覆盖后上覆水体水质总体趋于稳定,DO水平能够得到改善,TP和COD的释放受到抑制,对NH3-N虽有一定控制作用但短期效果不理想;3种材料覆盖后,上覆水体中均低检出或未检出Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd,Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg的含量也较对照组低,削弱了金属元素的释放迁移;结合底泥内源污染物的控制效果和上覆水体水质的稳定性两方面因素,3种材料中,材料2(配料为赤泥38.9%,黏土14.4%,粉煤灰38.9%,Ca CO37.8%)最适于深谷型湖泊底泥覆盖。该覆盖方法原料获取方便、材料制作简单、经济成本低廉、操作方法简易、污染控制效果优良,可用于深谷型湖泊底泥原位控制。     

不同覆盖材料对沉积物P、N释放的抑制效果

以百花湖沉积物为实验对象,选取沸石、粘土、生物炭、褐铁矿和高岭土等5种覆盖材料开展模拟柱静态实验,研究上覆水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氨氮变化规律。在静态模拟柱90 d实验过程中,第45天时上覆水中TN、氨氮浓度最高,分别为8.79和6.10 mg/L。第45天时氨氮浓度最低的是生物炭组,为1.62 mg/L,第45天时TN浓度最低的是粘土组,为1.92 mg/L。第45天后上覆水TN、氨氮浓度下降,实验结束时生物炭组TN和氨氮浓度均最低,其浓度分别为0.74和0.42 mg/L。实验过程中TP浓度不断上升,到实验结束时空白组TP浓度0.42 mg/L,高岭土组TP浓度最低为0.027mg/L。百花湖水质主要超标指标为TP,而高岭土覆盖对沉积物中P释放的抑制优于其他4种材料,且在百花湖地区易获得、无污染,故建议以高岭土为百花湖原位覆盖材料。     

污染底泥修复治理技术研究进展

综述了疏浚、覆盖、化学处理和生物处理等底泥修复治理技术的研究进展,并指出该研究领域尚需解决的技术难题。     

横采内排追踪压帮高度对端帮稳定性影响研究

为揭示横采内排追踪条件下压帮至不同高度时端帮稳定性变化规律及力学成因机制,明确端帮的滑坡模式与滑坡机理,以平庄西露天煤矿端帮边坡为工程背景,应用有限差分软件FLAC3D,基于强度折减理论,对压帮不同高度时的端帮稳定性进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:平庄西露天煤矿端帮滑坡模式为以椭球面为侧界面、以弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动;滑坡的力学成因机制类型为牵引式;横采内排追踪压帮高度至少为81 m端帮才能满足安全储备系数的要求;端帮稳定性系数Fs随压帮高度增大呈线性增大。     

Mathematical Methods for Spatially Cohesive Reserve Design

The problem of designing spatially cohesive nature reserve systems that meet biodiversity objectives is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming problem. The multiobjective function minimises a combination of boundary length, area and failed representation of the biological attributes we are trying to conserve. The task is to reserve a subset of sites that best meet this objective. We use data on the distribution of habitats in the Northern Territory, Australia, to show how simulated annealing and a greedy heuristic algorithm can be used to generate good solutions to such large reserve design problems, and to compare the effectiveness of these methods.     

艾比湖流域生态环境分区治理研究

针对艾比湖所处的特殊地理位置及周边环境状况，对艾比湖流域生态退化问题提出了分区治理措施。将流域分成4大区8个小区，根据不同区域在艾比湖生态链中的作用和各区域的特点，提出相应的禁牧、砾石覆盖、防风林等保护和治理措施。可为艾比湖生态环境恢复提供参考。