污水处理厂中微塑料的去除效能与全流程分析——以北京某下沉式三级污水处理厂为例

污水处理厂排放是微塑料进入自然环境的重要途径之一,本研究对北京某下沉式三级污水处理厂八个工艺单元中微塑料的赋存特征和去除效能进行全流程分析.研究表明该厂赋存微塑料主要形态为纤维,主要成分为聚丙烯、聚酯和聚乙烯,尺寸≤500μm的微塑料影响最为显著.该厂对微塑料的整体去除率为91.7%,主要依靠沉淀和截留过滤去除.双层平流沉淀池（二沉池）的去除效能最高,而生化处理单元没有明显去除效果.整体上,微塑料呈现从污水向污泥迁移的趋势.该厂最终出水中微塑料浓度为1.3n/L,成分为聚酯纤维,出水排放没有引起周边受纳水体中微塑料浓度升高,但干扰了下游地表水体中微塑料的成分,深度处理单元是降低受纳水体微塑料污染风险的重要保障.     

Biodegradability of Thermally Aged PHB,PHB-V,and PCL in Soil Compostage

The biodegradability of poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly--hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHB-V) and poly--caprolactone (PCL) were examined following thermal aging in an oven for 192, 425 and 600 h. Different temperatures, 100, 120 and 140°C for PHB and PHB-V and 30, 40 and 50^oC for PCL were used to assess the influence of this parameter on biodegradation. The biodegradability tests were done in soil compostage at pH 11.0 and involved measuring the residual mass of polymer. Thermal analysis of the polymers was done using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The melting temperature and crystallinity were also determined. Thermal ageing increased the biodegradability only for PHB at 120 and 140^oC, and there was no correlation between crystallinity and the biodegradation of the polymers.     

厌氧污泥床过滤器处理涤纶废水的生产性试验

采用厌氧泥床过滤器 (UASBAF)处理高浓度涤纶废水 ,试验结果表明 :UASBAF反应器具有较高的处理涤纶废水的效能 ,稳定运行容积负荷可达 10～ 12kg/m3 ·d ,水力停留时间 2 2～ 2 4h ,CODCr去除率 80 %左右 ,并具有启动快 ,耐冲击性负荷强的特点。     

不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣粉尘静电爆炸敏感性研究

针对某不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣厂在除尘设备维修过程中发生的粉尘爆炸事故,探究静电引起此次事故的可能性并提出防护措施。通过实验测定不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣粉尘的爆炸特性参数,进而确定其静电爆炸敏感性。结果发现:不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣粉尘云最小点火能MIE为4～10 mJ、最低着火温度MIT为480 ℃、粉尘层最低着火温度LIT＞400 ℃。表明,此粉尘属易燃粉尘,其粉尘爆炸敏感度极高,被静电火花点燃的可能性极大,在生产过程中,应采取静电防护措施。     

不饱和聚酯树脂高浓度废水共沸精馏资源化与治理技术

针对不饱和聚酯树脂生产高浓度废水的特点,采用新型共沸精馏技术进行资源化预处理。实验结果表明,共沸精馏几乎将废水中的原料、聚合中间体等有机物全部浓缩于釜液中,釜底浓缩液COD可高达120万mg／L左右,有机物回收率达93％～96％。将COD约120万nq-g／L的釜液以20％比例投入不饱和聚酯树脂合成反应中,制得了一种新型高性能树脂,且树脂的得率由常规生产的93．4％提高至99．77％。对与共沸剂分离后的COD约为1万mg／L的馏出液采用新型多技术协同催化氧化技术进行预处理,使废水B／C由0．021提高至0．3以上;再采用EGSB＋MBBR生化处理和活性炭吸附深度处理,出水可稳定达标排放,并能满足循环冷却水要求。     

A screening model for fate and transport of biodegradable polyesters in soil

A numerical model for predicting the fate and transport of biodegradable polyester residues in soil, following successive applications of mulch film, was developed and applied. The polymer, applied on surface soil, was assumed to be converted into by-products (monomers), according to a first order kinetics with constant K(1deg). The monomers released were assumed to sorb on soil organic matter (according to a first-order kinetics with constant K(s)), to be leached with the seepage water, through vertical advection and hydrodynamic dispersion, and biodegraded (according to a first-order kinetics with constant K(b)). Results suggested that, to assess a possible build-up of mulch film (as a polymer) on the surface soil, the degradation constant K(1deg) relating the polymer conversion to by-products should be known, whereas the biodegradation constant K(b) indicates there is no danger of groundwater pollution. Likewise, on the basis of by-product concentration in deep soil, soil pollution should not occur.     

聚酯粉末涂料在湿热环境的自然老化与 氙灯老化的相关性研究

目的考查聚酯粉末涂料的自然和人工老化的相关性。方法在琼海湿热气候环境开展NH3307、NH5307、NH9307系列的三种聚酯粉末涂料的自然暴露试验,通过开展4种氙灯加速老化试验,比较自然和加速老化的相关性,选出最适合模拟湿热环境的氙灯加速老化方法。基于涂料的保光率,对模拟湿热环境的氙灯加速老化试验方法及自然湿热环境(琼海)的加速性进行探讨。结果经过24个月的自然老化后,NH3307和NH5307涂料的保光率下降到初始性能的50%左右,NH9307涂料下降到70%左右。氙灯加速老化方法 2对3种涂料加速因子分别为17.62、12.44和10.36。结论 NH9307涂料具有最好的耐候性。氙灯加速老化试验方法 2能够较好地模拟涂料在湿热环境中的老化过程。     

USSB反应器预处理聚酯生产废水

采用上流式分段污泥床(upflow staged sludge bed)反应器对聚酯废水进行了预处理试验研究.反应器内厌氧污泥经过近70 d的培养驯化后,用于处理聚酯废水.当进水COD值为800～2000 mg/L,HRT约为16～20 h时,其COD去除率基本能稳定在50%～55%之间;聚酯废水经预处理后,其BOD5/COD值由原来的0.3左右提高到约为0.6,取得了较好的预处理效果.但系统的总产气量由培养期的约13 L/d降至0.8 L/d左右,其中甲烷气体的含量也由50%下降至约6%.     

The relationship between blend miscibility and biodegradation of cellulose acetate and poly(ethylene Succmate) blends

The miscibility of cellulose acetate (CA; degree of substitution = 2.5) and poly(ethylene succinate) (PES) has been investigated using a variety of thermal techniques and by solid-state carbon13 NMR spectroscopy. The blends containing greater than ca. 70% CA were found to be miscible. In the case of blends containing less than ca. 70% CA, a combination of thermal and NMR analyses suggests that these blends are not fully miscible on a 2.5- to 5-nm scale. On the scale which can be probed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (15 nm), the low-percentage CA blends exhibit “significant local concentration fluctuations≓. Investigation of the biodegradation of the blend components and of the blends revealed that PES degraded relatively rapidly and that CA degraded slowly. The blends degraded at a rate essentially identical to that of CA. Miscibility (75% CA blend) or crystallization of PES (30% CA blend) had no significant effect. These data suggest that a significant mode of degradation ófPES during composting involves chemical hydrolysis of the polymer followed by biological assimilation of monomers. Degradation of the blends is initiated in the amorphous phase. Because CA is a significant component of the amorphous phase, a small amount of CA significantly impacts the biodegradation rates of the blends.     

镁铝水滑石制备复合金属氧化物及其催化处理废弃聚酯材料

采用共沉淀法合成了镁铝水滑石并将其在不同温度下煅烧得到复合金属氧化物。将两者作为催化剂用于醇解聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)反应中。实验结果表明:复合金属氧化物的催化活性明显高于其前体,最佳煅烧温度为500℃;在催化剂与PET质量比为1.0%、醇解反应时间为50 min时,产物对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(BHET)的产率可达到81%。镁铝水滑石煅烧后得到的复合金属氧化物是一种高效、环境友好型醇解PET催化剂,可以替代目前常用的均相催化剂。