Detection of a Toxic Product Released by a Polyurethane-Containing Film Using a Composting Test Method Based on a Mineral Bed

The degradation of a film containing a 4,4diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) poly(€-caprolactone)-based polyurethane was followed in a test system based on a mineral solid bed designed to facilitate analysis of break-down products released under composting conditions. The use of a mineral solid bed can help extraction and analytical procedures which could be hindered by the heterogeneous nature of compost. The fermentation conditions are typical of the composting environment and generate a powerfully degradative environment. The film fully disintegrated within 30 days of treatment. Analysis on the mineral bed extracts showed that: (i) about 40% of the initial polyurethane was still present in the bed extracts; (ii) this residue was strongly degraded in the poly(€-caprolactone) part, while the urethane part was almost completely recovered (from 80 to 95%, according to the measurement method); (iii) 4,4 diamino diphenyl methane (MDA), a very dangerous product of MDI, was released during biodegradation. The results indicate that a mineral bed can be employed to study degradation and metabolites formation in solid phase fermentation and that the MDI-based polyurethanes are not susceptible of a full degradation during composting and maintain the potential of a slow release of MDA into the environment after soil application.     

抛物形件用软凸模拉深成形

分析了抛物形件用软凸模拉深过程,用聚氨酯橡胶凸模能简化抛物形件的制造工艺,有效地防止拉裂、起皱和回弹,给出了软凸模拉深系数和合适的软模硬度。     

热排水对原生动物群落的影响

在水温20—50℃范围内,应用PFU和挂片法收集原生动物群落。根据MacArthur-Wilson区系平衡模型S_i=S_(aq)(1-e~(-GT),用最小二乘法迭代,求得不同温度下群集过程的三个功能参数:S_(aq),G,t_(90)％。讨论了原生动物群落结构和功能参数与温度的关系。结果表明,原生动物群落的种类数和数量在30℃左右最多;原生动物群落的结构和功能以30℃为最佳,继续增温将使群落结构变简单,功能下降.     

聚氨酯胀形储油筒工艺及其模具

分析了某储油筒的结构特点 ,指出最关键的是胀形部分工艺方案的制定 ,根据其产量的要求 ,制定了精轧 胀形 焊接的制造工艺方案。计算了其中关键的胀形工艺参数 ,并根据计算结果设计出一套简单实用的胀形 压平台模具。该套模具特别适合于试制和小批量生产     

Vapor-phase concentrations of PAHs and their derivatives determined in a large city: Correlations with their atmospheric aerosol concentrations

Thirteen PAHs, five nitro-PAHs and two hydroxy-PAHs were determined in 55 vapor-phase samples collected in a suburban area of a large city (Madrid, Spain), from January 2008 to February 2009. The data obtained revealed correlations between the concentrations of these compounds and a series of meteorological factors (e.g., temperature, atmospheric pressure) and physical–chemical factors (e.g., nitrogen and sulfur oxides). As a consequence, seasonal trends were observed in the atmospheric pollutants. A “mean sample” for the 14-month period would contain a total PAH concentration of 13 835 ± 1625 pg m⁻³ and 122 ± 17 pg m⁻³ of nitro-PAHs. When the data were stratified by season, it emerged that a representative sample of the coldest months would contain 18 900 ± 2140 pg m⁻³ of PAHs and 150 ± 97 pg m⁻³ of nitro-PAHs, while in an average sample collected in the warmest months, these values drop to 9293 ± 1178 pg m⁻³ for the PAHs and to 97 ± 13 pg m⁻³ for the nitro-PAHs. Total vapor phase concentrations of PAHs were one order of magnitude higher than concentrations detected in atmospheric aerosol samples collected on the same dates. Total nitro-PAH concentrations were comparable to their aerosol concentrations whereas vapor phase OH-PAHs were below their limits of the detection, indicating these were trapped in airborne particles.     

水分影响下阴燃传播及气相反应发生的研究

为了解阴燃传播及其反应状态发生变化的特点,采用一半干燥一半加湿的聚氨酯泡沫材料进行实验。在自然对流条件下,阴燃由下到上从干材料传播到湿材料。各次实验中阴燃在干材料部分都保持稳定传播,而湿材料部分所设计的含水率则从8.4%到21.7%。水分的吸热作用使阴燃状态随含水率大小发生极大的变化。在含水率较小时,阴燃仍能继续传播但温度和速度都有所下降;含水率稍大时,阴燃反应受到抑制,在内部有氧气剩余的情况下则会发生气相反应;当含水率进一步增大,阴燃就会熄灭。如果阴燃能传播到材料末端,外界的大量氧气进入阴燃区将使其向明火发生转化。     

一种负载型生物载体的制备及性能研究

为强化载体表面生物膜的活性,研究以水性聚氨酯(waterborne polyurethane)为介质制备负载电气石的聚氨酯(tourmaline on polyurethane,TPU)载体.用扫描电镜(SEM)和持水倍率表征载体的物理性能,并且考察TPU载体对挂膜量及硝化能力的影响.结果表明,水溶性聚氨酯浓度能够影响TPU载体对电气石的负载量,导入电气石可以优化TPU载体上极性基团的数量以及环境pH值,亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌在TPU载体上的不可逆附着量分别提高了74.82%和71.89%.与未投载体相比,NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别提高了8.12%和9.08%,表明优化的TPU载体能促进硝化作用.     

聚氨酯型固沙剂改性土室内试验研究

对自主研发的PUA、PUB和PUC 3种聚氨酯型固沙剂改性土的强度、抗冲刷性、抗风蚀性等性能进行了室内试验研究,并结合聚氨酯分子结构和功能对固沙剂改良原理进行了分析。试验结果表明:3种聚氨酯型固沙剂改性土的无侧限抗压强度、内聚力得到了提高,抗冲刷和抗风蚀性能得到了明显增强;3种固沙剂改性土的无侧限抗压强度和内聚力均随着固沙剂浓度的增加而增大;PUA、PUB和PUC浓度为3g/cm3的改性土试样的冲刷率分别只有4.4%、14.7%和0.6%,而参照样高达79.5%;PUA、PUB和PUC浓度达到1g/cm3以上的改性土风蚀后表面保持完整,没有风蚀破坏痕迹。因此,聚氨酯型固沙剂可以很好地增强土体粘聚力、促进表层固化、减少水土流失,可用于坡面防护、水土保持、防尘固沙、沙漠化治理等领域。     

泡沫材料在狭缝空间垂直火蔓延的数值模拟

保温材料的火蔓延特性对建筑防火有重要意义,而其在狭缝等特殊空间结构中的燃烧特性还缺乏深入研究.本文采用CFD模拟技术和并行计算手段对狭缝空间中泡沫材料的竖直火蔓延特性进行了分析研究.计算发现在狭缝宽度为5 -6 cm时,由于侧向补风增强,导致狭缝内存在规则的大尺度涡旋结构.涡旋将火焰向两侧拉扯,而且涡旋强度可以增强狭缝内火蔓延速度.相对开放空间的情况,在狭缝空间中泡沫材料的火焰高度随线热释放速率强度的增加较慢,并且存在最小热释放速率强度.当热释放速率强度小于一定值时,火焰将会熄灭.     

基于层层自组装技术制备的吸油型聚氨酯泡沫材料及其性能研究

利用高效吸油材料处理溢油事故是一种简单有效的方法。针对现有吸油材料吸油效率较低、制备方式复杂的问题,采用层层自组装技术,将钠基蒙脱土填充的涂层构筑于软质聚氨酯泡沫表面,经过后续疏水改性处理,制备了具有超疏水超亲油表面的聚氨酯泡沫材料。材料测试结果表明:组装4层涂层改性的聚氨酯泡沫水接触角达到135°,对不同种类油品的吸油重量能达到自身重量的30~60倍;油水混合物中的吸油效果也显示其能有效处理水面、水下油污。宏观燃烧实验测试结果表明制备的改性聚氨酯泡沫具有良好的阻燃性能。采用上述简单易行的制备技术制得的吸油材料,可成功应用于油水分离,具有良好的应用前景。