受限空间网状高分子材料抑制油气爆炸实验研究

为研究新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸的抑制作用,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验系统,进行了油气爆炸抑制实验,通过对比是否按留空率规范填充抑爆材料所达到的3种工况,分析了爆炸超压值、升压速率、火焰强度和火焰持续时间等特性参数变化情况。实验结果表明:新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸产生的最大爆炸超压值、升压速率和火焰强度有明显的抑制作用;新型网状高分子材料对火焰的传播有明显的阻滞作用,使火焰传播速度减小;当新型材料按照规范填充时,最大爆炸超压值和升压速率分别下降了84.36%和 39.18%以上,火焰被完全熄灭,并且距离点火端越远,抑爆效果越明显。     

稠油采出含聚污水微生物处理研究

随着海外河油田聚合物驱采油技术大面积应用,含聚合物(聚丙烯酰胺)污水大量产出。针对含聚污水黏度大、含油多、乳化稳定,采用传统的污水处理方法及设施难以达到油田注水水质标准的问题,在对海外河油田含聚污水水质分析和微生物处理可行性分析的基础上,进行了微生物处理实验,实验表明:经生化处理的污水满足SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》。     

含聚采油废水外排达标处理技术

本文针对含聚合物采油废水中聚丙烯酰胺生物毒性大、生化降解困难,采用二级气浮+活性污泥工艺对高含聚采油废水进行了现场实验研究。实验结果表明,处理后外排水中COD 80 mg/L,降解效率96.9%;石油类2 mg/L,降解效率98.6%,外排水的各项指标均能达国家和地方的相关标准。     

Water purification with sintered porous materials fabricated at 400℃ from sea bottom sediments

A sintering technology for preparing porous materials from sea bottom sediments was developed for use in water purification. The purpose of the present study was to develop methods for converting the sea bottom sediments dredged from Ago Bay into value-added recycled products. The sintered products fabricated at 400℃ were found to be very effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals.     

粉煤灰多孔陶粒在水处理中的应用研究

研究采用电厂的粉煤灰为主要原料制备多孔陶粒,分别将其用作水处理中的微生物载体和吸附剂。挂膜结果表明:COD、氨氮这两项指标的出水基本稳定,去除率高。用多孔陶粒作吸附剂处理含铬废水时,等温吸附实验表明,多孔陶粒吸附水中的铬的等温方程基本符合Langmiur等温方程式,在pH值为酸性时对铬的去除率较高。用HCl和NaOH溶液再生多孔陶粒,酸的效果更好。     

南水北调丹江口库区土壤中微塑料分布特征及风险评估

为探究丹江口库区土壤中微塑料赋存特征及影响因素,通过对果园、旱地、水田和湿地进行土壤样品采集,利用密度分选、显微镜观察和拉曼光谱仪测定等方法对土壤中微塑料进行鉴定.结果表明,研究区采集的64个样本均有微塑料检出,丰度范围为645~15161 n·kg^-1.空间分布上,库尾高于库中和库首,且表层土壤（0~20 cm）中微塑料的丰度明显低于下层土壤（20~40 cm）.微塑料主要类型为聚丙烯（26.4%）和聚酰胺（20.2%）,粒径主要集中在50~500 μm之间（75%）,常见形状为碎片状（66.2%）.相关性分析显示,土壤微塑料丰度与土地利用、距水面和住宅的距离、人口密度和土壤性状密切相关.从微塑料污染风险来看,72.1%区域微塑料聚合物污染指数处于Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,丹江口库区存在一定的微塑料污染风险.研究结果可为微塑料风险评估提供支撑.     

聚己内酯与聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯的脱氮性能对比

以可生物降解聚合物聚己内酯(PCL)和聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)作为反硝化缓释碳源和微生物载体,利用清水释碳和批式反硝化试验选出适用于再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的可生物降解碳源滤料,通过比较与分析碳源滤料的表面形态及物质特性和附着微生物的群落特征揭示其性能优越的原因.结果表明,PHBV反硝化启动时间短,反硝化速率高,剩余有机物浓度低,相比PCL具有更稳定持续的反硝化效果.原因是其表面粗糙,且含有大量C—O和CO等亲水性基团,易于微生物附着和降解利用;其表面附着的微生物种类多样,其中发硫菌属(Thiothrix)、假单胞属(Pseudomonas)、菌胶团属(Zoogloea)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)等优势菌属均具有异养反硝化功能.因此,PHBV更适合作为再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的碳源滤料.     

低渗透介质中轻非水相流体迁移转化规律

本文利用COMSOL软件建立轻非水相流体（LNAPL）纵向迁移转化模型,采用有限单元法进行求解,预测污染物分布规律,并利用局部分析法进行参数敏感性分析.结果表明,大部分LNAPL会在水面以上聚集形成高的质量分布峰值区域,少部分克服毛细压力向下迁移,在自由相迁移范围内,其溶解相浓度达到或接近饱和溶解度;当顶部污染源消失后,降水会使最大饱和度和浓度出现的深度逐渐下移;多孔介质中的低渗透镜体会使污染物垂向入渗受阻,在其表面聚积形成污染池;渗透系数是控制LNAPL纵向迁移速度及饱和度分布的关键参数.     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

PVC/PES相容性及对共混超滤膜性能的影响

研究了聚氯乙烯(PVC)与聚醚砜(PES)共混体系相容性及其对共混膜性能的影响。利用溶解度参数原则和混合热焓原则进行理论预测,用铸膜液粘度法进行实验表征,均说明该体系为部分相容体系,且其相容性与组成及共混温度有关。通过对共混膜传质特性的考察,表明铸膜液的相容性会明显影响共混膜的性能;采用共混法可以改善膜性能。