Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Al_b or Al_c. 2.52 mol/L PACl₁ with 88% Al_b and 2.38 mol/L PACl₂ with 61% Al_c were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl₃, PACl₁ and PACl₂ were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Al_b and Al_c distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl₁ and PACl₂. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl₃ was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl₁ and PACl₂ with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.     

Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge

A process capable of oxidizing NO, SO2 and Hg0 was proposed simultaneously, which utilized a high-voltage and short-duration positive pulsed corona discharge. By focusing on NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies, the influences of pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, initial concentration, electrode number, residence time and water vapor addition were investigated. The results indicate that NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies depend primarily on the radicals (OH, HO2, O) and the active species (O3, H2O2), etc. produced by the pulsed corona discharge. The NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies improved as increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, electrode number and residence time, while they are reduced with an increasing initial concentration. By adding water vapor, SO2 oxidation efficiency is improved remarkably, while NO oxidation efficiency is decreased slightly. In our experiments, the simultaneous NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies reached to 40%, 98% and 55% with the initial concentrations 479 mg/m3, 1040 mg/m3, and 15.0 ug/m3, respectively.     

酚类污染物解离态与非解离态光解特性及其速率常数的预测

以氙灯为光源模拟太阳光,通过研究不同pH条件下3种酚类污染物直接光解的过程,探讨了酚类污染物的解离对其光解规律的影响,并建立了解离态与非解离态酚类污染物光解速率常数的计算方法及预测模式.结果表明,随着pH从4.0增加到9.0,五氯酚的光解速率常数随之从25.30×10-4min-1增加到82.90×10-4min-1,而对硝基酚的光解速率常数相应从11.90×10-4min-1降低到了3.18×10-4min-1.苯酚的光解趋势与对硝基酚相似,当pH从4.0增加到11.0时,其光解速率常数依次从32.50×10-4min-1降低至13.40×10-4min-1.3种酚类化合物的光解总速率常数与解离度之间均满足幂函数变化规律.任意解离度条件下的解离态和非解离态光解速率常数,可根据幂函数的切线方程来确定.解离对酚类物质降解规律的影响主要是通过氧负离子的形成,改变苯环以及其他取代基团的活性而造成的.该研究结果为进一步了解天然水环境中酚类污染物的环境行为提供了理论参考.     

Temporal variability of iron concentrations and fractions in wetland waters in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Chemical forms, reactivities and transformation of iron fractions in marshy waters were investigated with cross-flow filtration technique to study the iron environmental behavior. Iron fractions were divided into four parts: acid-labile iron (pre-acidification of unfiltered marshy water samples, 0.7 μm), high-molecular-weight iron (0.7-0.05 μm), medium-molecular-weight iron (0.05-0.01 μm), and low-molecular-weight iron ( 0.01 μm). The cross-flow filtration suggested that iron primarily exist in both the 0.7 μm and 0.01 μm size fractions in marshy waters. Rainfall is the key for rain-fed wetland to determine fate of iron by changing the aquatic biochemical conditions. By monitoring the variation of iron concentrations and fractions over three years, it was found that dissolved iron and acid-labile iron concentrations exhibit a large variation extent under different annual rainfalls from 2006 to 2008. The seasonal variation for iron species proved that the surface temperature could control some conversion reactions of iron in marshy waters. Low- molecular-weight iron would convert to acid-labile iron gradually with temperature decreasing. The photochemical reactions of iron fractions, especially low-molecular-weight iron had occurred under solar irradiation. The relative proportion of low-molecular-weight in total dissolved iron ranging from 28.3% to 43.2% were found during the day time, which proved that the observed decreasing concentration of acid lability iron was caused by its degradation to low molecular weight iron.     

黄土高原典型林木根际土壤微生物群落结构与功能特征及其环境指示意义

通过研究黄土高原典型林木根际土壤微生物群落结构,为正确评价该生态恢复区土壤环境恢复状况提供理论依据.利用湿筛倾析法、涂平板法和BIOLOG法研究了陕北黄土高原4种典型林木丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)孢子密度与土壤微生物群落结构多样性.结果表明,沙棘AMF孢子密度为刺槐的2.24倍,顺序为沙棘>狼牙刺>柠条>刺槐,不同林木土壤细菌和放线菌数量达极显著差异(p<0.01),真菌数量差异不显著(p>0.05).同一林木土壤细菌对BIOLOG-ECO板中碳源的利用优势种类和利用程度呈现明显的差异性;主成分分析表明对主成分1和主成分2贡献大的碳源为14种和8种,柠条和沙棘土壤典型变量值的变异(离散)较小,而狼牙刺和刺槐土壤典型变量值的变异较大.相关性分析表明,AMF孢子密度与细菌数量、氨基酸类、多胺类和芳香化合物类碳源呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与真菌数量、放线菌数量和细菌总代谢活性呈显著正相关(p<0.05),但是与羧酸类、糖类和多聚物类碳源相关性不显著(p>0.05).AMF孢子密度可以作为评价陕北黄土高原林木土壤细菌生理代谢类群及其多样性的环境生物学指标.     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

广州森林大气中VOCs昼夜变化特征及对O_3的影响

挥发性有机物化合物(VOCs)是大气光化学过程的重要前驱物,对大气中的臭氧(O)3有重要影响。文章对广州市花都区王子山森林公园大气中VOCs的昼夜变化特征进行了分析,并且评估了其对大气中O3的相对贡献。共定性和定量了21种VOCs,其中1,2,4-三甲基苯(21.50±32.90)μg/m3、甲基环戊烷(20.40±23.30)μg/m3和异戊二烯(14.90±39.20)μg/m3浓度最高。对于大多数VOCs来说,活性VOCs与相对惰性的VOCs表现出相反的昼夜变化特征,这反映了大气光化学反应对于VOCs的影响。采用Propy-Equiv浓度对大气VOCs对O3的影响评估结果表明,该地区大气VOCs对O3贡献的大小为:烯烃>苯系物>烷烃。     

喷漆车间VOCs防治研究

简述了VOCs的来源和危害及喷喷漆车间VOCs防治研究漆车间的VOCs的特点,介绍了低温冷凝法、溶剂吸收法、吸附法等喷漆车间VOCs的传统治理技术,及近几年来发展起来的新治理技术,如生物法.     

北京市汽车涂装VOCs治理现状与减排潜力分析

汽车制造是北京市的重要支柱型产业,也是挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要排放源之一。在充分调研VOCs治理现状的基础上,对高端乘用车和普通乘用车涂装工艺各环节的产排污特征进行分析,并对其减排潜力进行重点研究。结果表明,由于高端乘用车生产线对各环节废气的全面处理等因素,VOCs排放水平显著低于普通乘用车;普通乘用车水性漆喷涂环节是最具减排潜力的关键点,若采用“干式除漆雾(循环风)+转轮吸附+焚烧”的改进处理措施,预计可实现VOCs减排比率达39.62%,但相应增加的环保投资对生产企业会形成一定的成本压力。     

Analysis of bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different sludge properties and treatment performance by nested PCR-DGGE method

The bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different processes and performance were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of nested polymerase chain reaction （nested PCR） amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments with group-specific primers. Samples of raw sewage and treated effluents were amplified using the whole-cell PCR method, and the activated sludge samples were amplified using the extracted genomic DNA before the PCR products were loaded on the same DGGE gel for bacterial community analysis. Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and actinomycetic community analysis were also carried out to investigate the relationship between specific population structures and system or sludge performance. The two plants demonstrated a similarity in bacterial community structures of raw sewage and activated sludge, but they had different effluent populations. Many dominant bacterial populations of raw sewage did not appear in the activated sludge samples, suggesting that the dominant bacterial populations in raw sewage might not play an important role during wastewater treatment. Although the two plants had different sludge properties in terms of settleability and foam forming ability, they demonstrated similar actinomycetic community structures. For activated sludge with bad settling performance, the treated water presented a similar DGGE pattern with that of activated sludge, indicating the nonselective washout of bacteria from the system. The plant with better ammonium removal efficiency showed higher ammonia-oxidizing bacteria species richness. Analysis of sequencing results showed that the major populations in raw sewage were uncultured bacterium, while in activated sludge the predominant populations were beta proteobacteria.