THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF A SUBALPINE LAKE1

ABSTRACT Atmospheric scientists have predicted that large-scale climatic changes will result from increasing levels of tropospheric CO₂ We have investigated the potential effects of climate change on the primary productivity of Castle Lake, a mountain lake in Northern California. Annual algal productivity was modeled empirically using 25 years of limnological data in order to establish predictive relationships between productivity and the climatic variables of accumulated snow depth and precipitation. The outputs of monthly temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models (GCMs) of doubled atmospheric CO₂ were then used in the regression model to predict annual algal productivity. In all cases, the GCM scenarios predicted increased algal productivity for Castle Lake under cenditions of doubled atmospheric CO₂The primary cause of enhanced productivity was the increased length of the growing season resulting from earlier spring ice-out.     

黄淮平原不同多熟模式生产力特征与资源利用效率研究

对黄淮平原一麦三玉米、一麦二玉米和一麦一玉米三种多熟模式的产量、资源利用及经济效益状况进行了比较分析。结果表明，三种模式年亩产均超过吨粮，说明在集约栽培条件下黄淮平原亩产吨粮的现实性。三种模式产量梯度差异表明，在水肥供应基本充足的情况下，通过集约多熟种植并配合以合理调控技术是在高产基础上进一步提高产量的有效途径。一麦三玉米最高产量达２２０１ｔ／ｈｍ２（亩产１４６７ｋｇ），是在现有技术条件下接近与突破亩产吨半粮的有效种植模式之一。全年玉米总穗数增加是增产的关键。一麦三玉米模式通过接茬移栽等综合措施的有效配合，能维持较高的同化功能，光热资源利用效率提高。经济效益上表现为高投入高产出，但部分产投经济指标有下降的趋势。从综合考虑公顷产量与公顷纯收入及物质费用、用工等因素上综合评判，一麦三玉米模式总体上表现优势。     

分散剂及其与胜利原油的混合物对海洋围隔生态系内浮游动、植物的影响

分散剂对某些海洋生物的抑制以及促进初级生产力的现象已为一些研究所证实,而分散剂与原油的混合对生物的影响,由于其污染的增效作用更引起了人们的注意,但上述的研究多见于温带和寒带海域,对于热带、亚热带海域研究尚少。因而,了解污染物对亚热带海域生物区系的影响及地理位置的不同所引起的污染物效应的差别是本研究的中心问题。     

黄淮平原不同多熟模式生产力特征与资源利用效率研究

对黄淮平原一麦三玉米、一麦二玉米和一麦一玉米三种多熟模式的产量、资源利用及经济效益状况进行了比较分析。结果表明，三种模式年亩产均超过吨粮，说明在集约栽培条件下黄淮平原亩产吨粮的现实性。三种模式产量梯度差异表明，在水肥供应基本充足的情况下，通过集约多熟种植并配合以合理调控技术是在高产基础上进一步提高产量的有效途径。一麦三玉米最高产量达２２０１ｔ／ｈm₂（亩产１４６７ｋｇ），是在现有技术条件下接近与突破亩产吨半粮的有效种植模式之一。全年玉米总穗数增加是增产的关键。一麦三玉米模式通过接茬移栽等综合措施的有效配合，能维持较高的同化功能，光热资源利用效率提高。经济效益上表现为高投入高产出，但部分产投经济指标有下降的趋势。从综合考虑公顷产量与公顷纯收入及物质费用、用工等因素上综合评判，一麦三玉米模式总体上表现优势。     

黄淮海地区冬小麦光温生产潜力数值模拟研究

建立了一个冬小麦光温生产潜力数值模式,该模式可以模拟瞬时光合作用并充分考虑了冬小麦叶片空间分布特征。研究结果表明,北京地区冬小麦光温生产潜力与抽穗前１０天至成熟期辐射量相关性最大,年际之间存在４年和９～１０年的变化周期。黄淮海地区冬小麦光温生产潜力变幅在９０００～１０９５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２之间,其中河北石家庄地区和山东胶东半岛为两个高值区,超过１０５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２。模拟结果与当前黄淮海地区冬小麦高产实践结论具有较好的一致性,可为该地区作物高产提供一定的理论指导     

Biophysical energy analyses of non-market values of the Ebro Delta

Non-market values were estimated with energy analysis under four land cover scenarios in the Ebro Delta, Spain. The market value of agriculture, the primary use value, is compared. Conversion of the natural landscape to agricultural fields has resulted in a drop in total annual non-market value from $721 million in the pristine scenario to $11 million in the present scenario. The market value of the agricultural crops has risen over time, from $10 million to almost $52 million, contributing the major portion of the total value of the Delta. However, the rate of return has decreased from the pristine to the present delta, indicating that more energy is required to produce a smaller output. Energy analyses reveal that one form of value—non-market value—is being traded for another—market value.     

论政府抓农业的重点所在

针对当前地方政府偏重于高利润农业项目，导致“三高”农业重点旁移的现象，阐述政府抓农业重点的必要住，指出其重点在于：（１）抓调查研究，抓政策；（２）抓农业教育与农业科研；（３）抓既带战略性而农民又力所不及和缺乏积极性的项目；（４）抓农技推广机构和队伍．而高利润的农业项目可由市场来调节．并从发展“三高’农业的需要以及当前出现的农民单施化肥的短期行为、人均耕地面积下降、地力下降、丢荒弃耕的情况等方面阐述政府重点抓培肥地力的重要性．     

Cumulative and Residual Effects of Repeated Sewage Sludge Applications: Forage Productivity and Soil Quality Implications in South Florida,USA (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope The cow-calf (Bos taurus) industry in subtropical United States and other parts of the world depends almost totally on grazed pastures. Establishment of complete, uniform stand of bahiagrass (BG) in a short time period is important economically. Failure to obtain a good BG stand early means increased encroachment of weeds and the loss of not only the initial investment costs, but production and its cash value. Forage production often requires significant inputs of lime, N fertilizer, and less frequently of P and K fertilizers. Domestic sewage sludge or biosolids, composted urban plant debris, waste lime, phosphogypsum, and dredged materials are examples of materials that can be used for fertilizing and liming pastures. Perennial grass can be a good choice for repeated applications of sewage sludge. Although sewage sludge supply some essential plant nutrients and provide soil property-enhancing organic matter, land-application programs still generate some concerns because of possible health and environmental risks involved. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the cumulative and residual effects of repeated applications of sewage sludge on (i) bahiagrass (BG, Paspalum notatum Flügge) production over years with (1997–2000) and without (2001–2002) sewage sludge applications during a 5-yr period, and (ii) on nutrients status of soil that received annual application of sewage sludge from 1997 to 2000 compared with test values of soils in 2002 (with no sewage sludge application) in South Florida.Methods The field experiment was conducted at the University of Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center, Ona, FL (27o26’N, 82o55’W) on a Pomona fine sandy soil. With the exception of the control, BG plots received annual sewage sludge and chemical fertilizers applications to supply 90 or 180 kg total N ha–1 yr–1 from 1997 to 2000. Land application of sewage sludge and fertilizer ceased in 2001 season. In early April 1998, 1999, and 2000, plots were mowed to 5-cm stubble and treated with the respective N source amendments. The experimental design was three randomized complete blocks with nine N-source treatments: ammonium nitrate (AMN), slurry biosolids of pH 7 (SBS7), slurry biosolids of pH 11 (SBS11), lime-stabilized cake biosolids (CBS), each applied to supply 90 or 180 kg N ha–1, and a nonfertilized control (Control). Application rates of sewage sludge were calculated based on the concentration of total solids in materials as determined by the American Public Health Association SM 2540G method and N in solids. The actual amount of sewage sludge applications was based on the amount required to supply 90 and 180 kg N ha–1. Sewage sludge materials were weighed in buckets and uniformly applied to respective BG plots. Soil samples were collected in June 1997, June 1999, and in June 2002 from 27 treatment plots. In 1997 and 1999, soil samples were collected using a steel bucket type auger from the 0- to 20-, 20- to 40-, 40- to 60-, and 60- to 100-cm soil depths. Forage was harvested on 139, 203, 257, and 307 day of year (DOY) in 1998; 125, 202, 257, and 286 DOY in 1999; 179, 209, 270, and 301 DOY in 2000; and on 156 and 230 DOY in 2002 (no sewage sludge applications) to determine the residual effect of applied sewage sludge following repeated application. Forage yield and soils data were analyzed using analysis of variance (PROC ANOVA) procedures with year and treatment as the main plot and sub-plot, respectively. As a result of significant year effects on forage yield, data were reanalyzed annually (i.e., 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2002).Results and Discussion All sewage sludges used in this study were of class B in terms of USEPA’s pathogens and pollutant concentration limit. Pathogen and chemical composition of the class B sewage sludge that were used in the study were all in compliance with the USEPA guidelines. The liquid sludge (SBS11) had the lowest fecal coliform counts (0.2 x 106 CFU kg–1) while the cake sewage sludge (CBS) had the greatest coliform counts of 178 x 106 CFU kg–1. The fecal coliform counts for SBS7 was about 33 x 106 CFU kg–1. Average soil test values in June 2002 exhibited: i) decrease in TIN (NO3-N + NH4-N), TP, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe; and ii) slight increase in Zn and Cu when compared with the June 1997 soil test results. The overall decrease in soil test values in 2002 might be associated with nutrient cycling and plant consumption. Although the average BG forage yield in 2002 (2.3 ± 0.7 Mg ha–1) was slightly lower than in 2000 (3.5 ± 1.2 Mg ha–1), yield differences in 2002 between the control (1.2 + 0.2 Mg ha–1) and treated plots (2.3 ± 0.5 Mg ha–1 to 3.3 ± 0.6 Mg ha–1) were indicative of a positive residual effect of applied sewage sludge. This study has shown that excessive build up of plant nutrients may not occur in beef cattle pastures that repeatedly received sewage sludge while favoring long-term increased forage yield of BG. All sources of N (sewage sludge and AMN) gave better forage production than the unfertilized control during years with sewage sludge application (1997–2000) and also during years with no sewage sludge application (2001–2002). The favorable residual effects of applied sewage sludge in 2002 may have had received additional boost from the amount of rainfall in the area.Conclusions Repeated applications of sewage sludge indicate no harmful effects on soil quality and forage quality. Our results support our hypothesis that repeated land application of sewage sludge to supply 90 and 180 kg N ha–1 would not increase soil sorption for nutrients and trace metals. Results have indicated that the concentrations of soil TIN and TP declined by almost 50% in plots with different nitrogen sources from June 1997 to June 2002 suggesting that enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus is insignificant. The concentrations of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in 2002 following repeated application of sewage sludge were far below the contamination risk in the environment. The residual effect of these sewage sludge over the long term can be especially significant in many areas of Florida where only 50% of the 1 million ha of BG pastures are given inorganic nitrogen yearly.Recommendation and Outlook Successive land application of sewage sludge for at least three years followed by no sewage sludge application for at least two years may well be a good practice economically because it will boost and/or maintain sustainable forage productivity and at the same time minimize probable accumulation of nutrients, especially trace metals. Consecutive applications of sewage sludge may result in build up of some trace metals in some other states with initial high metallic content, but in this study, no detrimental effects on soil chemical properties were detected. The possibilities for economically sound application strategies are encouraging, but more and additional research is required to find optimal timing and rates that minimizes negative impacts on soil quality in particular or the environment in general. For proper utilization of sewage sludge, knowledge of the sewage sludges’ composition, the crop receiving it, are absolutely crucial, so that satisfactory types and rates are applied in an environmentally safe manner. There is still much to be learned from this study and this investigation needs to continue to determine whether the agricultural and ecological objectives are satisfied over the longer term.     

Measuring sustainability

An agricultural system is sustainable if productive output is maintained economically over time when assessed in relation to environmental concern. This paper considers ways of statistically evaluating measures of sustainability illustrated by reference to extensive data from the Classical Experiments at Rothamsted.     

Radiative dryness index and potential productivity of vegetation in China

The Chikugo Model is used to estimate radiative dryness indexes (RDI) and net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation zones in China by calculating cli-matic parameters. That provides the water-heat equilibrium condition, potential primary production for natural vegetation in various vegetation zones, and their geographical distribution pattern. That could be used as the basis for study the effect of global climate change on ecosystems.