A DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR DISCRETE STAGE ACTIVATION OF AUTOMATIC PUMPING SAMPLERS1

ABSTRACT: An electronic controller was developed to facilitate water sampling at discrete stage heights in perennial mountain streams of southeast Oklahoma. The controller operates in conjunction with an automatic pumping sampler and a magnetic, relay transducer. In response to changes in stage, the transducer generates an electrical pulse when relays are closed by a magnetic float. The controller monitors these relay closures and signals the sampler to pump a single sample at each desired water level during both rising and falling stages. After a sample is taken, additional switch closures at that stage axe ignored until the relay immediately above or below is closed. Inadvertent switch closures caused by turbulent stage fluctuations are not translated to the sampler thus eliminating duplicate or multiple samples at a given stage. Field testing has proven this device to be a reliable component with a range of applications for improving water quality sampling systems. The controller features battery operation, low power consumption, circuit simplicity and can be easily constructed for less than $100, including parts and labor.     

NONLINEAR SOLUTIONS OF THE BQUSSINESQ EQUATION AND COMPARISONS WITH FIELD OBSERVATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Two models based on variations of the one dimensional Boussinesq equation are presented. The models are formulated by treating each of the two nonlinearities appearing in the equation separately, and the resulting equations are solved by implicit finite difference techniques. The models have been used to predict drawdowns created from large scale pumping at an open coal mine pit dewatering project in Poland. The predictions were found to be in good agreement with data collected over a period of seven years.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A FRACTURED MEDIUM FLOW MODEL FOR A WASTE SITE1

ABSTRACT: A three‐dimensional fractured medium flow model was developed for the Bear Creek Valley (BCV) S‐3 site of the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) using SWIFT III. The numerical modeling for this site focused on a conceptual model established through the analysis of heterogeneous geologic units and matrix fracture properties of the subsurface in the BCV area. The SWIFT III modeling analysis was based on the previous modeling studies that used MODFLOW and MODPATH. A rigorous calibration was obtained first by comparing simulated results with the existing data on ground water levels and then by comparing pumping test results with the simulated ground water levels. A satisfactory agreement between observed and simulated results was obtained. The calibrated model was used to determine sustained yield from a ground water interceptor trench. Different withdrawal rates were used to simulate the performance of the trench for the sustained withdrawal of ground water.     

A case study of promoting CH4 discharge and preventing coal & gas outburst accidents by using cross-layer liquid injection technology

To solve the problem of gas extraction in coal bodies with the outburst risk, the cross-layer drilling fluid injection technology for protecting rock pillars is adopted to promote gas extraction. We combined theoretical calculations, laboratory experiments, and field tests to analyze the degree of fissure development in different parts of the coal body. We also determined the liquid injection parameters and negative extraction pressures. The CH₄ extraction effects of three stages before, during, and after liquid injection was compared. The results show that the possibility of coal outbursts in different parts is reduced by 58%∼70% by using liquid injection and pumping technology. The peak value of CH₄ pure flow in the main pipe is increased by 1.5–2.8 times, and the average value is increased by 1.8–2.6 times. The peak value of gas concentration at the orifice of the extraction hole is increased by 1.6–3.5 times, and the average value is increased by 1.6–4 times. Liquid injection to promote extraction greatly improves the gas extraction efficiency in coal bodies, which is of great significance to reducing cost, shortening the construction period, and ensuring safe production, and providing a reference for similar engineering construction.     

三江平原典型灌区井灌地下水中铁的随水迁移特征

以三江平原典型水稻灌区———黑龙江省农垦总局建三江分局为例,系统调查了该区地下水的铁含量特征,并具体分析了铁通过井灌从地下水进入晒水池、稻田,再通过排水进入多等级沟渠系统的季节迁移过程及铁在相应沉积物或土壤中的分布特征.结果表明,研究区地下水总铁质量浓度为(1.73±0.41)mg.L-1,最大值为11.4 mg.L-1,最小值0.01 mg.L-1,变异系数1.29%.根据2010年水稻种植面积和当地实行的每亩额定灌水量推算,从地下进入稻田和其它地表水体中的铁可达4 976.40 t.溶解性Fe2+、溶解性Fe3+、溶解性铁和总铁都具有明显的季节变化(6、7月较高),且沿水流方向以稻田积水中的含量较高.晒水池和稻田对地下水铁的富集效应明显,二者的总铁质量浓度分别达到地下水的6.17和21.65倍.晒水池沉积物的总铁含量显著高于稻田、农渠和干渠(浓江河).不同氧化铁形态中,仍以晒水池沉积物中各形态铁氧化物的含量较高,而稻田土壤、农渠和干渠沉积物之间没有显著性差异.三江平原典型灌区地下水中的铁通过井灌进入地表水体中,大部分被蓄积在晒水池和稻田中,仅有少部分随稻田退水进入沟渠网,并逐级沉淀在稻田和沟渠沉积物中.铁在随水迁移过程中除了总量变化外,还伴随着种类和形态的转化,这些变化直接受水稻灌溉管理方式的影响,具有明显的季节特征.长期井灌或将导致铁在稻田土壤和沟渠沉积物中的富集,具有潜在的污染风险.     

季节性缺氧水库铁、锰垂直分布规律及优化分层取水研究

经多年对阿哈水库Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ污染的研究表明，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ分布随着季节为化、水库水温分层而变化，呈现明显的垂直分布规律，高浓度Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ主要出现在水温分层期水库中、下层、与库底缺氧、ＰＨ下降，沉积物中的Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ向上覆水释放造成的二次污染等密切相关，为自来水厂优化分层取水提供了依据。     

游梁式抽油机的危险分析与防范措施

分析了游梁式抽油机在运行和维修作业过程中存在的平衡块旋转危险、皮带传动危险、减速箱高处作业危险、电机漏电危险、操作台高处作业危险、电机电缆漏电危险、节电控制箱漏电危险、刹车失灵危险、毛辫子悬绳器危险和攀梯危险,有针对性地提出了防范措施.     

Unidirectional gas flow in soil porosity resulting from barometric pressure cycles

During numerical simulation of air flow in the vadose zone, it was noticed that a small sinusoidal pressure would cause a gradual one-way migration of the pore gas. This was found to be a physical phenomenon, not a numerical artifact of the finite element simulation. The one-way migration occurs because the atmospheric pressure, and hence the air density, is slightly greater when air is flowing into the ground than when air is flowing out of the ground. A simple analytic theory of the phenomenon is presented, together with analytic calculations using actual barometric pressure data. In soil of one Darcy permeability, the one-way migration is of the order of a few tenths of a meter per year for either plane flow from ground surface or for radial flow from an open borehole. The migration is sufficiently small that it will have no practical consequences in most circumstances; however, investigators who conduct detailed numerical modeling should recognize that this phenomenon is not a numerical artifact in an apparently linear system.     

A Depth‐Proportional Intake Device for Automatic Water Samplers1

Abstract: This paper describes the construction and testing of a device for pumping water samplers that collects suspended sediment samples by moving the intake vertically to keep it at the same proportion of flow depth. The device uses a simple sprocket mechanism that can be mounted vertically on the downstream side of culverts and bridge pilings to protect against damage from floating debris during storms. Suspended sediment samples collected from an urban stream with the depth‐proportional device were compared with manual samples taken with a depth‐integrated sampler. Scatter in the relationship between pumped and manual samples (R² = 0.76) are probably explained by horizontal variability in concentrations, poor mixing associated with lateral sediment inputs from construction site erosion, the downstream orientation of the intake, and the failure of the concentration at 60% of the flow depth to match the average vertical concentration.     

下保护层开采卸压瓦斯治理技术研究

以潘一东矿1252（1）下保护层首采工作面为研究对象,采用分源预测法对下保护层工作面瓦斯涌出情况进行预测。计算结果表明,1252（1）工作面的瓦斯有六成左右来自上邻近13—1煤层,在本煤层回采期间提出了地面钻井、底抽巷穿层钻孔、高位钻场顶板走向钻孔、沿空留巷充填墙埋管等瓦斯治理方案,抽采率达到90％左右,工作面上隅角完全杜绝瓦斯浓度超限现象,保护范围内的13—1煤层的突出危险性也显著降低。