Chemical and physical characterization of produced waters from conventional and unconventional fossil fuel resources

Characterization of produced waters (PWs) is an initial step for determining potential beneficial uses such as irrigation and surface water discharge at some sites. A meta-analysis of characteristics of five PW sources [i.e. shale gas (SGPWs), conventional natural gas (NGPWs), conventional oil (OPWs), coal-bed methane (CBMPWs), tight gas sands (TGSPWs)] was conducted from peer-reviewed literature, government or industry documents, book chapters, internet sources, analytical records from industry, and analyses of PW samples. This meta-analysis assembled a large dataset to extract information of interest such as differences and similarities in constituent and constituent concentrations across these sources of PWs. The PW data analyzed were comprised of 377 coal-bed methane, 165 oilfield, 137 tight gas sand, 4000 natural gas, and 541 shale gas records. Majority of SGPWs, NGPWs, OPWs, and TGSPWs contain chloride concentrations ranging from saline (>30 000 mg L⁻¹) to hypersaline (>40 000 mg L⁻¹), while most CBMPWs were fresh (<5000 mg L⁻¹). For inorganic constituents, most SGPW and NGPW iron concentrations exceeded the numeric criterion for irrigation and surface water discharge, while OPW and CBMPW iron concentrations were less than the criterion. Approximately one-fourth of the PW samples in this database are fresh and likely need minimal treatment for metal and metalloid constituents prior to use, while some PWs are brackish (5000-30 000 mg Cl⁻ L⁻¹) to saline containing metals and metalloids that may require considerable treatment. Other PWs are hypersaline and produce a considerable waste stream from reverse osmosis; remediation of these waters may not be feasible. After renovation, fresh to saline PWs may be used for irrigation and replenishing surface waters.     

水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料反冲洗试验研究

反冲洗是快滤池的一项关键技术,反冲洗的效果关系到滤床下一个周期的过滤效果.试验证明水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料采用气-水反冲洗在冲洗效果、减少冲洗时间、降低冲洗耗水量及避免混层等方面比单水反冲洗有优势.在工程实践中水淬渣石英砂双层滤料反冲洗选用水强度为5L/m2·s、气强度为10L/m2·s、冲洗历时4min合适.     

Effect of land use on potassium form of coastal plain sands of Nigeria

The study evaluated the effects of land use on the forms of potassium in the coastal plain sands (CPS) landscape of southeastern Nigeria. It was observed that both land use and topography did not influence the distribution of different forms of potassium. Mineral constituted approximately 97.4%, whereas non-exchangeable (1.9%) and readily available (0.7%) forms represented 2.6% of total potassium. The relationships established between reserve, exchangeable and soluble indicated the origin of readily available potassium. Mineral form of potassium associated directly with clay, electrical conductivity, organic matter, sodium and acidity, but indirectly with sand, pH and base saturation. Reserve and fixed potassium each associated with organic matter, whereas fixed form additionally associated with sand and clay. Clay increases the tendencies for the release of potassium, whereas sand acts on the contrary including leaching losses. The study confirmed that organic matter, particle size fractions, extent of weathering and soil development influence the dynamics of potassium within the landscape of CPS of southeastern Nigeria.     

不同滤料滤池启动期内对铁锰离子的去除机制

采用两座小试生物滤池,考察了锰矿砂和石英砂滤料在启动期内对铁锰离子的去除特性,并结合材料表征手段解析了过滤去除机制.启动运行结果表明,在进水铁锰质量浓度为2～3 mg·L~(-1)和0. 3～0. 6 mg·L~(-1)时,石英砂滤池分别需要15 d和30 d完成铁锰的去除,而锰矿砂滤池在10 d内完成除铁过程,而出水锰质量浓度始终低于0. 1 mg·L~(-1),满足国标要求.锰矿砂表面天然铁锰氧化物的吸附催化作用是其去除效果优于石英砂的关键.一方面,当铁氧化物在石英砂滤池内形成后,其同样能继续吸附催化铁离子,两滤池对铁离子的最终转化产物为复合氧化物,2价与3价铁的比值在1∶1. 44～1∶1. 54之间.其次,在启动期内,锰矿砂滤池对锰离子的去除以吸附催化氧化完成,其产物为3价态锰,而后续在生物作用下趋于转化为4价;石英砂滤池对锰离子的去除以吸附主导,但吸附容量饱和后以生物作用为主.最终,锰离子转化产物为2价、3价和4价态的复合态氧化物.此外,锰氧化产物呈层状结构,铁氧化产物为颗粒形态,二者均能披覆在滤料表面,但后者更容易被反洗出滤层,而前者则倾向于披覆在锰矿砂表面或积累在石英砂滤层孔隙间.     

Potential of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry for the characterization and monitoring of amine-derivatized naphthenic acids from oil sands process-affected water

Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry(CE–MS) was used for the analysis of naphthenic acid fraction compounds(NAFCs) of oil sands process-affected water(OSPW). A standard mixture of amine-derivatized naphthenic acids is injected directly onto the CE column and analyzed by CE–MS in less than 15 min. Time of flight MS analysis(TOFMS), optimized for high molecular weight ions, showed NAFCs between 250 and 800 m/z. With a quadrupole mass analyzer, only low-molecular weight NAFCs(between 100 and 450 m/z) are visible under our experimental conditions. Derivatization of NAFCs consisted of two-step amidation reactions mediated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide(EDC), or mediated by a mixture of EDC and N-hydroxysuccinimide, in dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. The optimum background electrolyte composition was determined to be 30%(V/V) methanol in water and 2%(V/V) formic acid. NAFCs extracted from OSPW in the Athabasca oil sands region were used to demonstrate the feasibility of CE–MS for the analysis of NAFCs in environmental samples, showing that the labeled naphthenic acids are in the mass range of 350 to 1500 m/z.     

混合滤料的润湿性及其过滤处理含油废水性能

为了探究两种润湿性相反的特殊润湿性滤料的耦合作用,将超疏水超亲油石英砂滤料和超亲水水下超疏油石英砂滤料均匀混合,研究了混合滤料的润湿性以及过滤除油性能.结果表明,两种滤料混合组成的固体表面润湿性不满足每种滤料润湿性的加权平均关系,更符合二次曲线关系,决定系数高达0.9992;交替润湿性对过滤除油效率具有耦合增强作用.混合滤料的疏水亲油性越强,其除油效率、归一化附着效率和渗透系数都越大,反之亦然.滤料粒径越小,归一化附着效率的变化斜率越大,而滤速和床深对归一化附着效率的变化斜率影响不明显.滤料的疏水性具有增阻的效应,流速的增加有助于增大滤层的渗透系数.以上研究成果可为特殊润湿性混合滤料过滤处理含油废水提供研究思路和参考.     

石英棒负载TiO2光催化膜的制备、表征与降解性能

利用浸涂法在石英光导棒上制得了TiO2光催化膜.用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对膜的形貌和晶相组成进行了表征,以苯酚为模型污染物考察了膜的活性.结果表明,所制得的TiO2膜催化剂主要由锐钛矿和金红石2种晶相组成;光催化降解苯酚的效果明显优于直接光解;当苯酚初始浓度为0.98 mg/L时,反应2.5 h后的降解率为86%.     

共沉富集─单缝石英管火焰原子吸收法测定水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉

采用共沉富集与单缝石英管技术，以火焰法测定地面水、地下水中的痕量铜、铅、锌、镉，检测限分别为０．５，１．８，０．２，０．１μｇ／Ｌ，四种痕量元素１１次测定的变异系数分别２．８％，２．３％，３．１％和３．９％。     

某村石英加工粉尘污染成因分析与控制对策

某村石英加工存在投资小、规模分散、工艺设计不合理、设备简陋等问题，造成当地空气环境PM10超标严重，并引发矽肺职业病。在污染成因分析及区域环境容量研究的基础上，提出了总量控制、改善工艺及粉尘治理等控制对策。     

崇义淘锡坑钨矿成矿地质特征

崇义淘锡坑地区位于南岭成矿带崇义矿集区九龙脑成矿岩体的北部中远接触带,矿床类型为黑钨矿-石英大脉型。矿区共探明WO3储量5.56万吨,已开采1.4万吨,现保有储量4.16万吨。近年的地质工作,在主采区外侧又探获了工业矿体,并发现有新脉组的线索,还有很大储量新增潜力。预测该地区WO3资源总量可达22万吨。