基于粗糙集和非线性多元回归的矿岩可爆性指数计算公式的修正

在前人研究的基础上建立了一个矿岩可爆性决策信息系统,其中爆破漏斗体积、爆破块度分布中的大块率、小块率、平均合格率、岩体纵波声速、岩体弹性波阻抗为条件属性,矿岩可爆性指数为决策属性。应用粗糙集对条件属性进行约简,剔除了块度平均合格率,保留其它五个条件属性,计算结果表明爆破漏斗体积对矿岩可爆性影响最大。应用非线性多元回归方法对原可爆性指数计算公式进行了修正,并采用数值计算和统计分析方法对修正公式进行了验证。最后利用修正指数公式计算某矿山的矿岩可爆性指数,并反算了炸药单耗,计算值与现场试验结果一致。研究表明:修正后的指数计算公式包含五个待定系数,比原公式减少一个,计算更加简便,能够满足工程需要。     

More than money: how multiple factors influence householder participation in at-source stormwater management

Urban stormwater run-off is a threat to stream ecosystems. New approaches to stormwater management aim to protect urban streams from such impacts, by retaining, treating and using stormwater at its source. As up to ～50% of runoff from urban surfaces comes from private property, fostering stormwater retention requires effective householder engagement. We evaluated householder participation in the Little Stringybark Creek project, a stormwater retrofit programme aimed at waterway protection, using qualitative enquiry through formal and informal interviews to identify factors that influenced participation. Participation was governed by multiple factors, with financial incentives and personal co-benefits of tanks primary motivators, while process complexity and distrust were primary barriers. Results suggest an approach combining education to encourage review of subjective norms and attitudes, with incentives to mitigate behavioural controls can transform public behaviour towards sustainable stormwater management.     

“The Lucky country”? A critical exploration of community gardens and city–community relations in Australian cities

Urban agriculture (UA) has the potential to expand beyond the grassroots level to meet the social, cultural, economic and food needs of urban dwellers. At its core, UA represents an alternative use of urban space that occurs with or without government support or approval. The experiences of community gardeners and their views of, and engagement in, community gardens as a form of UA, or local “alternative food networks”, is a focal point of this paper. Relying on Australian city case studies, this paper explores community gardens, using critical urban approaches concerning “rights to the city” and diverse economies. Findings from this study reveal how community gardeners understand and participate in diverse economies and extended local food networks. They also identify respondents’ views of local councils as barriers to the emergence of community gardens, and other forms of UA, as a local response to growing concerns over impacts of the global food chain on food security. In contrast to other Western cities, effective city–community relations for community garden growth have yet to emerge in Australian cities, as key policy areas for urban sustainability and social cohesion.     

多中心治理下公众参与大气污染防治路径探析

动员全社会力量保护环境,积极推动公众参与环保工作,是解决环境保护问题的根本途径。运用多中心治理理论分析,发现政府治污理念陈旧、制度不健全、公众责任意识淡漠、环保社会组织弱小等,是我国大气污染治理中公众参与度低的主要原因,因此提出转变观念、完善机制、加强教育、支持和引导环保社会组织,促进公众参与的多元治理模式的形成,真正推动大气环境质量的改善。     

Continuing the building's cycles: A literature review and analysis of current systems theories in comparison with the theory of Cradle to Cradle

Recently, the Cradle to Cradle (C2C) theory set ground in the Netherlands, propounding that environmental impact reduction can provide a positive economical impulse to stakeholders. The building industry has warmly received this approach and considers it to be a solution to the above-mentioned burden.However, if the building sector wants to implement C2C into their practice, a paradigm shift is required. Therefore, the sector must overcome the many difficulties it encounters while striving for an eco-effective built environment.Current sustainability strategies focus on reducing the negative environmental impact of buildings. The systems theory of C2C however aims at a positive impact; this could suggest that the state-of-the-art becomes inadequate when adopting C2C as a strategy for improvement.This paper reviews contemporary systems theories and analyses them in the light of C2C, focusing on closed or continuous materials cycles. The paper finalises by describing the hiatus in and correspondence between these current theories and C2C theory.From the study we found that C2C provides new features that help continue materials, energy and water cycles, just as the contemporary theories provide potentially useful additional material for C2C. Moreover, it reveals a striking difference between the state-of-the-art and C2C.     

The interrelation between collective identities and place concepts in local wind energy conflicts

In Germany, plans at the local level to construct wind turbines often find support as well as rejection – often in both cases for ecological reasons. In this paper, we argue that the key to understanding local wind energy debates is to analyse the interrelations between collective identities and concepts of place. Based on the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe, we analyse how two completely contradictory place notions have evolved in a local dispute in a small town in Germany, and how existing political identities have been modified, realigned and superseded in the course of the conflict. Furthermore, we show how the involved discourses are characterised by strong continuities with respect to an earlier struggle over an asphalt mixing plant.     

耕地土壤重金属健康风险空间分布特征

以江苏省某市为研究区域,借助ArcGIS和SPSS分析工具,利用US EPA健康风险评估模型评估耕地土壤重金属Cr、 Pb、 Cd和Hg的健康风险,从地理学的视角构建包含地理探测器及优化后的位序-规模理论模型的健康风险分析方法体系,分析其健康风险空间分异度及风险水平差异.结果表明,研究区域Cr、 Pb、 Cd及Hg这4种耕地土壤重金属含量均值分别为65.207、 25.486、 0.238和0.045 mg·kg~(-1),均低于耕地土壤污染风险的最低筛选值; Hg和Cd的健康风险均处于可接受范围内,Cr和Pb的儿童非致癌风险均值以及Cr的成人及儿童致癌风险指数均值分别为2.914 385、 1.337 503、 4.312 679×10~(-6)及8.137 130×10~(-6),均超过可接受范围;不同耕地重金属健康风险q值的范围为0.005 523～0.204 238,高风险特征因子需要进一步引起关注;研究子区域1、子区域2、子区域3和子区域4的Cr与Pb的儿童非致癌风险及Cr的致癌风险的R值较大,均接近或超过1,其他研究子区域的R值均低于0.1,中、高风险区与低风险区R值差异相对较大,研究子区域的高风险区比较集中.以耕地土壤重金属健康风险评价结果为基础,地理学视角分析市域范围的空间分异程度以及市辖县的风险水平,对于丰富健康风险研究手段、衡量不同尺度的健康风险水平以及制定精细化的风险管控策略等具有积极的意义.     

基于能值理论武陵山片区旅游生态化水平测度与空间异质性分析

旅游生态化是实现旅游可持续发展的重要途径,而旅游生态化水平测度是旅游生态化研究的基础工作。本文创新性地构建了基于能值理论的旅游地生态化水平分析框架及测度模型。以武陵山片区为研究对象,基于研究区域2018年相关截面数据,以县级行政单位为研究单元对旅游生态化水平进行测度。测度结果表明：武陵山片区旅游生态化水平为中等偏下水平;县域单元等级数量呈“金字塔”形分布;评价体系目标层指标存在显著性差异。探索性空间数据分析方法分析表明研究区域旅游生态化水平空间分布上显示较为明显的集聚特征,显示较强的正相关,异质性弱。分指标空间分布显示大多数县域单元旅游社会经济的发展与环境保护不同步。     

行动者网络视角的生态退化区耕地休耕管护模式——以贵州省松桃县为例

近年来,中国将石漠化等生态退化区作为休耕的主要试点类型区之一,该区域人地矛盾突出,休耕试点中多以村委会为休耕管护主体。立足于探索在生态退化区以新型经营主体为休耕管护主体的不同休耕管护模式中遇到的主要问题及其适用的运行条件,运用行动者网络理论,以国家第一批休耕试点的松桃县为案例区,选择5个片区（7个村）为样本,围绕不同休耕试点阶段遇到的主要问题,解析不同休耕管护模式下行动者网络的稳定性以及不同休耕管护模式的特点及其适用性。结果表明：（1）松桃县休耕试点形成了四种休耕管护模式,即模式Ⅰ（种植大户管护）、模式Ⅱ（农民专业合作社管护）、模式Ⅲ（公司/企业管护）和模式Ⅳ（村集体经济合作社管护）;不同休耕管护模式下的行动者网络转译过程经历了两个阶段,并且遇到了9个方面的休耕问题,导致试行阶段的行动者网络不太稳定和调整阶段的行动者网络出现了分化,其中“休耕补助大幅减少和现行统一的休耕补助标准”是造成行动者网络分化的主要原因;应当制定有梯度、有弹性的休耕补助标准,加强休耕资金管理,创新投融资方式,加大机械化投入。 （2）休耕行动者网络中,人类行动者的理性行为是休耕试点顺利推进的关键因素,应当因地制宜地选择休耕管护模式及其策略。模式Ⅰ适合农业基础条件较好的坝区,但需要酌情提高现有补助标准;模式Ⅱ适合任何区域,但需要合理分配休耕补助和酌情提高现有补助标准,在做好风险防范措施的前提下,可以种植花生等利润相对较高的作物;模式Ⅲ适合石漠化程度较严重的区域,但需要资金雄厚和与休耕有产业上下游关联的公司/企业参与管护;模式Ⅳ适合土地流转费较低、村干部管理能力较强的偏远落后山区,但休耕区域必须符合休耕要求。（3）无论何种休耕管护模式,在生态严重退化区选取休耕区域,关键在于找准提升地力与农民增收的结合点,同时,严格筛选休耕片区和管控休耕时长,保障复耕后可持续利用休耕地以及做好休耕户转移劳动力就业工作。此外,应当完善乡镇政府、乡镇农业服务中心、村支两委和风险防范体系等休耕相关行动者,进一步提高休耕行动者网络的稳定性。     

基于三角模糊数的贝叶斯水质评价模型

将贝叶斯理论和模糊集理论引入水质评价领域,分别描述了水质评价过程中模型结构和参数的不确定性,建立了基于三角模糊数的贝叶斯模糊综合水质评价模型.对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水分别赋值,并根据监测点水质对各类别的后验概率计算水质的综合得分进而确定水质类别.同时,选取了TP、NH4+-N、COD、DO、As及粪大肠菌群为水质评价因子,将建立的模型应用于2010年洞庭湖水质评价中.结果表明,小河嘴、横岭湖、万子湖、目平湖、洞庭湖出口水质达到Ⅱ类水标准;南嘴、岳阳楼水质为Ⅲ类水;东洞庭湖和扁山水质介于Ⅱ类水和Ⅲ类水之间,对各等级的隶属度分别为0.4983/Ⅲ+0.5017/Ⅱ、0.7962/Ⅲ+0.2038/Ⅱ.各监测点位中,仅南嘴水质未达到相应的水质标准.较均值模型、三角模糊数模型和传统贝叶斯模型而言,基于三角模糊数的贝叶斯水质评价模型对不确定性的表达更为全面、更符合实际.