石油污染物在土壤中运移的数值模拟初探

针对大庆石油管理局宋芳屯油田开发建设的实际情况，分析了石油污染物在土壤中运移的规律，并建立了非饱和带污染物迁移和地下水运动模型。通过求有限元数值解，利用该模型对石油污染物在土壤中的迁移情况进行了模拟预测，结果显示了石油污染物可能对土壤造成污染的范围和影响程度。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

地幔流体的迁移及影响因素

地幔交代作用实质上是地幔流体与围岩的作用结果 ,对地幔流体迁移方式的研究有助于对地幔交代现象的理解。地幔流体的迁移以平衡孔隙流动 (equilibrium porousflow)和扩散作用为主 ,本文探讨了其迁移的动力学过程 ,温度和压力是最重要的外界控制因素。     

黄淮海平原主要土类中硝态氮水平运移规律

对黄淮海平源的主要土壤类型（黄潮土和风沙土）中硝态氮水平运移规律进行了研究。结果表明：硝态氮水平运移速率随供试示踪剂源的距离增加而迅速减小,其变化趋势呈幂函数关系。由于各土层的土壤性质不同,所以硝态氮的运移风线发生差异,但总的趋势是离示踪剂源20cm距离内,硝态氮的水平运移速率主要由硝态氮的浓度梯度和水势梯度控制,而在20cm以后趋于平稳,则主要由土壤的基质势起作用。硝态氮水平运移速率随土壤含水量的增大而升高,并呈指数曲线变化。硝态氮水平运移的浓度受非饱和土壤水扩散率的影响,并随非饱和土壤水扩散率的升高而呈对数曲线下降。     

煤矿区环境与经济协调发展问题探讨

本文遵循系统论的观点，以可持续发展理论为指导，通过分析煤矿区环境与经济系统的特征，建立了环境与系统协调模型，并分析了模型在评价应用中的优缺点。在此基础上对煤矿区环境与经济协调发展，提出了几点看法。     

入渗条件下土壤中磷离子迁移的数值模拟

针对土壤非均质，边界条件复杂、土壤水分动态变化而且溶质与土壤存在吸持反应的情况，建立了土壤二维对流－弥散溶质迁移的有限元模型，编写了计算机模拟程序。作为模型的初步应用，对４种不同性质的土壤，ＫＨ２ＰＯ４溶液一维水平入渗条件下的迁移进行了数值模拟。结果表明，模拟结果能够很好地与室内土柱实验结果吻合，该模型可以用于研究伴有吸持情况下土壤溶质的迁移规律。另外模拟与实验结果均表明，对于象磷这种与土壤强吸附     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

A simulation experiment on vertical transport of herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) in soil column was conducted using lysimeter system. The atrazine concentrations in leaching water and soil samples in column at 8 layers with 10 cm thick of each layer were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show total atrazine amount in leaching water increases nonlinearly with the leaching time and the herbicide application rate, and the atrazine concentrations in column soil decrease with the vertical depth after water leaching. The distribution of atrazine mass in the system after 154 days were that among the applied atrazine, 0.3 ％ is out through leaching water, 1％ is methanol extractable residues in soil, 46 ％ is methanol nonextractable residues in soil, and 52 ％ is other loss (including volatilization and degradation). The study indicates movement of atrazine in agriculture soil may not only have relation to the properties of herbicide, but also to the herbicide application history.     

稀土元素在土壤中迁移、转化模型的建立及验证

建立了稀土在褐土土壤中迁移、转化模型，定量评价稀土在土壤中的迁移、转化过程。模型包括土壤中稀土化学热力学平衡体系、土壤水分物理形状和土壤剖面的稀土通量。在中国农业大学内进行了田间实验，对模型进行了验证，模拟值与实测值能很好的拟合。     

Solute Transport in Open-Channel Networks in Unsteady Flow Regime

In this paper we propose a robust algorithm to evaluate solute transport in open-channel networks with transient storage under an unsteady flow regime. In the proposed approach, through the integration of junction equations into the model and solving them explicitly, the analysis of solute transport problems in open-channel networks is simplified significantly. Furthermore, when coupled with a transient hydrodynamic open-channel network model for flow simulation, the proposed model can be utilized in the solution of solute transport problems under unsteady flow regimes. In the proposed model, the governing equations are written in a conservative form and are solved using a fractional-step algorithm, which is based on a relaxation and central difference scheme. The proposed algorithm is robust and accurate even for advection dominant cases. A pure advection with discontinuities, a field application and solute transport in an open-channel network in an unsteady flow regime are included, to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.     

The Information Content of a Scalar Plume – A Plume Tracing Perspective

The ability of many animals and insects to track a plume to its source is a particularly impressive feat when the fluid dynamics is considered. Inspired by this observation this research seeks to identify the information in a passive scalar plume suitable for developing robust and efficient plume tracing algorithms. The subject of this study is a scalar plume emanating from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer which has been modeled in a laboratory facility built specifically for this purpose. A coupled PIV-LIF technique is used to measure the velocity and scalar field in a time resolved fashion. This data set is analyzed and the convergence rates of five single-point statistics, suitable as kernels of plume tracing algorithms, are investigated. The experimental data shows that the scalar fluctuations over long downstream distances from the source are characterized by filamentary structures that lead to relatively slow convergence rates for any statistic that is based on mean concentrations. The scalar intermittency, however, converges rapidly toward its true value, in fact converging to a testable hypothesis for source location direction faster than the time scale of the larger scale plume meander.