关于我国雨能分布研究

利用全国多雨、中雨和少雨典型区的自记雨量曲线和 Kinnel 方程:E=29.233·(1-e~(-(0.0477I+0.112)))计算出各点各次降雨的雨能值,并作出各区按月降雨(x)和雨能(y)的关系式:y=15.592x-171.630(多雨区),y=16.257x-280.279(中雨区),y=16.493x-107.676(少雨区)。将全国77个观测点的按月雨量资料计算出全年的雨能值。通过作图得到我国多雨和中雨区的年降雨量 P 和年雨能值 E 的关系:E=11.67p;和少雨区的关系:E=14.95P。从而可用此来估算全国各测点的雨能值。     

Using a Set of Strategic Indicator Systems as a Decision-making Support Implement for Establishing a Recycling-oriented Society - A Taiwanese Case Study (16 pp)

Background Scope and Aims. To realize the vision of sustainable development (SD) originating from the ‘only one earth’ philosophy, and to integrate the conceptions of ecology and sustainability into the planning and decision-making criteria of urban growth management, the establishment of a recycling-oriented society (ROS) is essential. However, before the above intention can be achieved, it is indispensable to develop a system of strategic indicators for supporting a radical reformation of the urban development plan. Therefore, this study, based on the conception of the new urban development pattern ROS, attempted to carefully choose a sample city in Taiwan for launching a preliminary case study, and furthermore designed and proposed a concise and strategy-oriented assessment indicator system termed ROSAIS. ROSAIS, on the one hand, can act as a compass for understanding resource using efficiency and recycling status during city development and, on the other hand, can serve as an implement supporting decision-making for ROS construction.Methods According to the definition and spirit of ROS, the structure of ROSAIS should clearly represent the relationship between resources and environment in human activities. The eco-efficiency indicator system (EEIS) and environmental symbiosis indicator system (ESIS) can be considered two key sub-indicator systems, and are the necessary components of ROSAIS. EEIS chooses the dominant production sectors in urban economic activities to calculate their eco-efficiency (EE). Separately, for obtaining a consensus regarding the framework of ESIS, the questionnaire approaches and expert consultation, together with the research experience and foundation of current relevant studies and indicator systems, are applied when crucial resource and environmental issues and respective indicators are selected.Results and Discussion The calculation results of EEIS in this case study indicated that among the three dominant production activities (agricultural, fishery, and animal husbandry sector) the fishery sector has the highest EE, which indicates that the fishery activities and resources significantly influence the sustainability of the economic-environmental system of the sample city. Furthermore, according to a consensus achieved in ESIS, local green spaces, resource recovery, energy consumption pattern change, freshwater conservation and greenhouse effect abatement were considered as the five crucial issues influencing how the case study city can develop into an ES-city. The rate of local green spaces, resource recycling, freshwater conservation and the rate of reduction of nonrenewable energy use as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were used to evaluate the above five issues.Conclusion This case study is unparalleled in Taiwan. Even in Japan, where ROS legislation has been implemented, this kind of study remains in the preliminary stages. Furthermore, when communicating the indicator results, it is essential to provide the context and countermeasures of the crucial issues that are faced. The two sub-indicator systems proposed in this case study could comply completely with the above-mentioned requirements. For example, the EEIS provides information for achieving a balance between environmental burden and economic benefits among dominant production sectors; the ESIS provides information for setting strategies for overcoming the crucial issues faced. Recommendation and Outlook This study recommends that urban planers should consider the construction of the corresponding strategic indicator system to be indispensable, and makes further use of the indicator results related to the environmental education of residents for identifying and promoting participation with ROS, and turning them into implements for supporting urban SD decision-making. Furthermore, a successful indicator system depends on data availability and quality. This study recommends that urban planers should pay considerable attention to constructing relevant data collection channels, databases and the data quality.     

北京市大气污染物排放现状分析及治理对策研究

通过对北京市2000—2004年间大气污染物排放情况的考察和研究，着重分析了二氧化硫等大气污染物的排放现状以及大气污染物排放强度指标变化的原因并与国内主要城市及美国大气污染物排放指标进行了对比。结果表明，北京市大气污染物强度在国内处于较低水平，但与发达国家相比，仍有相当的差距，并提出了治理大气污染的对策。     

秦皇岛湿润生态环境变化

利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均和计算干燥度等方法对秦皇岛市1954-2005年降水、气温、相对湿度、蒸发量、干燥度等变化进行分析研究，结果表明：近50年秦皇岛地区气温逐渐升高，降水减少，气候干燥度普遍增大，生态环境呈干旱化趋势，南部干旱化进程较北部大，90年代后干旱化趋势增大。     

低强度火烧对长白山林区蒙古栎林的影响

为了减少林区内可燃物的载量,降低森林的燃烧性,对蒙古栎林进行了试验火烧和火烧迹地调查,主要研究低强度火烧对蒙古栎林森林生态系统的影响。地表可燃物载量调查采用线状相交可燃物取样调查方法,按不同径级调查可燃物载量。由于火烧引起部分枯死木倒伏和下木层树枝被烧断,火烧后所有试验地上的径级可燃物载量都有所增加。但地表易燃可燃物减少,林分火险降低。试验火烧为低强度地表火,试验结果表明低强度火烧对上层林木的生长没有明显影响,但下层林木的死亡率可达25%～42%。火烧降低了下层林木的密度,改善了林分卫生状况。试验结果表明,在长白山林区蒙古栎林内,可以采用低强度火烧来降低火险。     

输变电工程电磁影响及其环境影响评价问题的探讨

结合各电压等级输变电工程环境影响评价的实际工作经验,以及国内工频电场和磁场污染投诉案例,介绍了国内外有关高压输变电工程产生的电磁环境与人类健康关系的研究进展.我国环境影响评价的相关标准已最大限度地考虑了电磁环境的影响,对民众健康不会产生副作用.同时,结合实际工作经验提出了加强和改进输变电环评工作的建议.     

江苏省典型年梅雨洪涝灾害对比分析

梅雨期降水形成的洪涝和枯梅年产生的干旱是江苏省主要的气象灾害.为了能客观地划分各年梅雨的旱涝等级,从而为防灾减灾决策提供依据,利用江苏省近50年来的梅雨资料,考虑梅期持时长短、梅期平均日雨量及暴雨日数等3个因子,给出了梅雨强度计算模型及梅期旱涝指标,较好地反映了江苏省每年各地的梅期旱涝状况.结合实际灾情,确定了典型梅雨洪涝年的标准.针对1954,1991和2003年3个比较典型的梅雨洪涝年,进行了详细的比较分析,结果表明:(1)长江及淮河流域上游的客水、入梅之前的降水量和梅期降水会直接影响该省梅雨期的洪涝灾情;(2)1991年的洪涝是历年来最为严重的,1954年的洪涝稍重于2003年;(3)3个典型梅雨洪涝年中全省最涝的地区都位于沿淮地区或江淮之间地区的北部,淮北地区这3年中都出现了较重的涝灾,淮北南部的灾情重于北部.     

中国城市自然灾害区划编制

依据灾害系统理论和中国自然灾害数据库,构建了综合城市化水平(C1)指标和综合自然灾害强度(QC)指标;运用数字地图技术,在模型与图谱互馈过程中,实现了中国城市承灾体与致灾因子的综合定量评价,编制了中国城市自然灾害区划图.将中国区划为3个一级区,即沿海城市灾害区、东部城市灾害区和西部城市灾害区,以及15个二级区和22个三级区,为城市灾害风险管理和中国自然灾害救助区划提供了科学依据.     

北京城区"7.10"灾害性强降水分析

对2004年7月10日发生在北京城区的灾害性强降水过程进行了分析.结果发现,造成本次城区暴雨的天气系统为一中β尺度对流云团,它生成于河北西北部的偏南暖湿气流中,在移到北京城区发展并停留的1～2h内,造成了本次强降水过程.大尺度背景场分析表明,暴雨发生前北京即处于有利降水的形势场中,地面中尺度辐合线可能是强对流的触发系统.此外还初步分析了城市环境对强降水的增幅作用.