Research advances on causes and prevention for the continuous cropping obstacle of Pinellia ternata北大核心CSCD

半夏是一味传统常用中药材,但连作障碍导致其产量和品质下降,从而严重制约产业可持续发展.究其成因,半夏连作导致土壤酸化、酶活下降和营养失衡,特别是酚酸类、醌类、醛类和酮类化合物等化感物质积累,抑制半夏种子萌发和幼苗生长,并造成根际镰孢霉(Fusarium)、产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)和胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium carotovorum)等致病菌增加,而土壤微生物多样性降低.目前半夏连作障碍的防治措施主要包括轮作与间作、土壤和块茎灭菌以及施用微生物制剂和有机物料等,但这些措施存在运转周期长、成本高、操作困难等缺点或机制不清、效果不稳定等问题.因此建议将半夏植株-根系分泌物(如化感物质等)-根际土壤-根际微生物群落视为一个整体,系统研究其互作关系,并拓展半夏连作障碍防治技术及原理研究,为保障和促进半夏种植产业的可持续发展提供理论与技术参考.(图1参96)     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳组分特征及其与理化因子的相关性

开展绿洲连作棉田土壤有机碳组分研究,有助于阐明干旱区农田土壤有机碳稳定性机制在人地关系作用下变化特征.以塔里木盆地北缘阿拉尔垦区为研究区,以空间代替时间序列法分析了2、5、12、20和35 a等不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量特征,结合冗余分析探讨了土壤有机碳组分与土壤其它理化因子（含水量、容重、pH值、全盐、全氮、有效磷和速效钾）的相互关系,结果表明：①不同年限的连作对研究区土壤有机碳组分含量具有显著影响,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量整体表现为连作12、20和35 a棉田高于连作2 a、5 a棉田和荒草地,ω（土壤有机碳）在20 a棉田达到峰值（7.06g ·kg^-1）,高出荒草地76.91%,各土壤有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而下降.②基于对土壤有机碳组分含量与土壤其它理化因子的冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳组分含量与全氮、有效磷和含水量呈正相关关系,与pH值和容重呈负相关关系.土壤其它理化因子对土壤有机碳组分含量解释的重要性排序为：全氮>有效磷>pH值>容重>含水量>速效钾>全盐.     

The physiological response and iron and potassium contents in the hairy roots of Brassica rape L. Under cadmium stress北大核心CSCD

The experiments were conducted to investigate the tolerance and enrichment capabilities by elucidating the physiological response and cadmium impact on iron and potassium accumulation amounts of brassica rape hairy roots under different cadmium concentrations by using liquid suspension culture method. The results showed the following. (1) The growth of hairy roots was not significantly different under low cadmium concentrations (below 100 μmol/L), whereas it was obviously inhibited under high cadmium concentrations (more than 100 μmol/L). Further, the maximum fresh weight of brassica rape hairy roots reached 4.34 g under 25 μmol/L cadmium stress after 7 days. (2) The content of ROS in brassica rape hairy roots increased with increasing concentrations of cadmium; the antioxidant enzyme activities of brassica rape hairy roots (SOD, POD, and CAT) decreased first and then increased with increasing cadmium concentrations under 1-day stress, whereas showed an opposite trend under 7-day stress. (3) PI staining and MDA content indicated that cellular damage was more serious with increasing cadmium concentrations. (4) With the increase of cadmium concentrations, cadmium content of hairy roots increased and reached maximum of 2.97 mg/g under 400 μmol/L cadmium stress after 7 days. The iron content also increased significantly with the maximal weight of 14.52 mg/g after 1-day cadmium stress, whereas no significant difference was noted under 7-day cadmium stress. The potassium content under 7-day cadmium stress was 1.6 times of that after 1-day stress (15.73 mg/g). The study showed that the physiological response of Brassica rape hairy roots was correlated with the concentration and time of cadmium stress. Moreover, cadmium stress caused metabolic disorders of iron and potassium in the hairy roots, but the hairy roots of Brassica rape had better enrichment effect on cadmium. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区饲料油菜种植试验及其产业化前景——以延安治沟造地典型项目区为例

沟道土地整治后,如何实现土地的持续、高效利用成为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区面临的突出问题,其关键在于如何充分发挥农牧交错区的比较优势,因地制宜发展种养结合的农业生产模式。依托延安市宝塔区羊圈沟和顾屯沟实验基地,通过大田试验研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治后种植饲料油菜的技术要点,并探讨了基于饲料油菜种植构建新型农业生产模式的思路。结果表明：1）延安地区具备种植春季饲料油菜的自然生态适宜性,春播饲料油菜播种量以3.9~5.1 kg/hm²为宜,苗期密度宜控制在22.5万株/hm²左右;2）饲料油菜种植需要一定的田间管理,做到施足底肥,适当追肥,间苗遵循“五去五留”原则,4~5片真叶期定苗并适当追肥浇水;3）根据油菜多功能性,黄土丘陵区可发展饲用、菜用+饲用、菜用+观光+油料等多种产品组合模式,科学推广油菜种植可以促进集“种植+养殖+加工+观光”等于一体的多功能农业发展。     

旱三熟带状轮作小春预留行栽油菜技术

本文根据南充地区冬春气候特点,并针对旱地实行的中厢分带间套种植小春预留行未充分利用的状况,从1984年开始在预留行进行了栽油菜研究。结果表明,一般亩增菜籽30～40kg,增加产值34～45元,纯收入21～32元,并找出了适于预留行栽植的油菜品种和配套栽培技术。     

生物炭对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群的影响

为明确生物炭施入后对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群的长期影响,以西瓜成熟期根区土壤为研究对象,借助Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术和 FUNGuild平台,探究不同用量（7.5、15.0和30.0 t·hm^-2）生物炭施用3 a后西瓜连作土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及功能的差异,并分析土壤环境因子与真菌群落结构间的关联性.结果表明,添加生物炭3 a后提高了土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾、全氮、有机质和阳离子交换量,降低了土壤碱解氮含量.生物炭的施用改变了西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构,提高了土壤真菌的丰富度和多样性.所有土壤样本共获得922个OTU,子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门为优势真菌类群,占土壤真菌群落的85.70 %~92.45 %,生物炭的施入降低了子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,增加了被孢菌门和球囊菌门的相对丰度;属水平上,随着生物炭的施用,被孢霉属和囊根壶菌属的相对丰度增加,而镰刀菌属相对丰度降低.Mantel检验分析发现,速效钾、碱解氮、有机质和pH是影响土壤真菌群落结构的主要环境因子.真菌主要营养类型为腐生营养型、病理营养型和共生营养型,中、高剂量生物炭处理显著降低了土壤中病理营养型真菌的相对丰度,显著增加了共生营养型真菌的相对丰度.综上,生物炭施用3 a后可改变西瓜连作土壤理化性质,促进土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群向健康有益方向发展.     

基于生态足迹的生态经济评价方法研究——以江苏省阜宁县为例

一个国家或地区的作物生产是通过轮作进行的,某些地区存在耕地的弃耕现象。Wackernagel生态足迹方法没有考虑复种的影响,耕地类生态足迹核算结果实际是播种面积,而生态承载力核算得到的是耕地面积,因此,二者不具有可比性,生态足迹盈余核算存在逻辑性错误。从理论角度采用复种指数修正耕地类生态足迹,使核算结果为耕地面积,增强了生态足迹和生态承载力的可比性。用改进的生态足迹核算方法,分析了阜宁县区域生态经济系统1995~2003年的生态供需状况及发展能力变动趋势,采用生态足迹盈余强度评价区域可持续发展能力。1995~2003年,阜宁县人均生态足迹从1.120 7 hm2增加到2.434 0 hm2,人均生态承载力变化较小,人均生态赤字从0.815 3 hm2增加为2.017 2 hm2,发展能力由1.226 5增加为3.140 7,生态足迹盈余强度由-1.226 5增强为-0.495 7 hm2。基于改进的生态足迹核算方法得到的发展能力和人均GDP之间的相关系数大于Wackernagel方法所得结果,表明改进的生态足迹方法能更好地反映区域社会经济状况。     

不同臭氧熏气方式对油菜光合速率、生物量和产量的影响

为准确评价臭氧(O3)浓度升高对农作物的影响,运用田间原位开顶气室(open-topchamber,OTC)研究了高浓度O3对油菜光合作用、生物量和产量的影响.实验包括3种O3水平,一种为经活性炭过滤的空气(CF),两种高浓度O3处理:经活性炭过滤后的空气加入恒定浓度为100nL·L-1的O(3CF100);经活性炭过滤后的空气加入具有日变化特征,其平均浓度和剂量与CF100相同的O3(CF100D).结果表明,CF100和CF100D均能使油菜叶片膜透性和H2O2自由基含量增加,光合色素含量和光合速率(photosynthesisrate,Pn)降低,最终导致油菜生物量和产量降低.与CF相比,CF100和CF100D熏气下油菜单位面积产量分别降低3.7%和18.6%.同时,实验还表明,CF100D对油菜的影响大于相同剂量的CF100.以上结果表明:1)高浓度的O(3CF100和CF100D)能够破坏细胞膜系统,减少光合色素数量,降低光合速率,从而降低作物生物量和产量;2)相同平均浓度和剂量的高浓度O3对油菜的影响因熏气方式的不同而有明显差异,目前采用的O3平均浓度和O3剂量指标不能准确评价O3浓度升高对油菜的影响.     

Dynamics of Typical Agricultural Landscape and its Relationship With Water Resource in Inland Shiyang River Watershed, Gansu Province, Northwest China

Shiyang River basin is located in Hexi Corridor, central-west Gansu province, northwest China. It is an area of typical arid to semiarid features. Based on the TM image of Liangzhou oasis and Minqin oasis in 1986 and 2000, this paper calculated and analyzed the changes of percentage and area of land use/cover types, and also have got the transformation matrix of the landscape mosaics. Dynamics of runoff and exploitation of groundwater, the most important factors influencing land use changes were also analyzed. The ratio of utilized water quantity in upper and middle reaches to that in lower reaches has increased largely from less than 2 before 1970 reached up to more than 8 since 1995; groundwater exploitation has developed progressively. As a result of overuse of groundwater, the groundwater table lowering obviously, the lowering rates reached up to 0.6–0.8 m/year in some place. In addition, the cropping patterns in study area were also distributed irrefficiently that if the planting percentage of water-wasting grain crops dropped to 50% in both oases, it could save irrigating water by 1.2×10⁸ m³ in Liangzhou oasis and 0.2×10⁸ m³ in Minqin oasis one year.