Nanocomposites of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals

Nanocrystals were prepared by acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose microfibrils. These were topochemically trimethylsilylated, in an attempt to reduce their hydrophilicity. Composites were made by dispersing either native or silylated crystals in cellulose acetatebutyrate matrixes and solution casting of the dispersions. Particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The unmodified cellulose crystals exhibited better reinforcement characteristics than the trimethylsilated crystals.     

Structure of pathways in ecological networks: relationships between length and number

In ecosystems network, structure determines adjacent (direct) and non-adjacent (indirect) pathways over which energy, matter, and information can flow. The more pathways, the more possible ways the conservative substance can move in zero-sum transactions between network nodes that the pathways interconnect, and the more possible non-conservative, nonzero-sum relations can be secondarily derived from these. Structural analysis is a tool we employ, from a family of input–output methods for exploring zero- and nonzero-sum attributes of environmental networks, to count pathways of varying length between network nodes. In this paper, we examine the relationship between pathway length (k) and number (P_k) as determined by system size (n, number of nodes) and extent and pattern of connectance (C). We develop a measure (m_a) of pathway growth in numbers with increasing length, and then normalize this to the maximum rate possible (m_a/m_c) for a given system size. These measures apply to two pathway types—paths, m_a(0) and m_a(0)/m_c(0), which forbid adjacent node repetitions, and walks, m_a(1) and m_a(1)/m_c(1), which allow them. We find that network size has a curvilinear effect on the pathway number versus length relationship, and extent and pattern of connectance are convolved. Values computed for the paths and walks of three ecosystem models (oyster reef, freshwater marsh, and reservoir cove) are used to compare their pathway structure.     

圆锥形零件冲压成形过程分析

通过分析圆锥形零件变形毛坯上不同部分在成形中的作用,揭示了该类零件的冲压成形特点,得出了悬空侧壁部分的变形状态是该类零件成形的关键,而径向拉应力是实现侧壁部分成形的必要条件,同时也是这部分冲压成形成败的关键。为此,经力学分析得出了侧壁部分径向拉应力的解析式和造成圆锥形零件破裂的最大径向拉应力的计算式,为进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

控制论在企业环境管理中的应用

在企业环境管理运用控制论实施污染防治全过程控制，来提高清洁生产水平，降低物耗，能耗，提高资源利用率，完善保护环境的自我约束机制，落实环境综合整治定量考核，以达到发展生产，提高经济效益和改善环境的目的。     

上海市经济-环境系统的物质输入分析

对区域或城市经济-环境系统的物质输入分析。可以判断可持续发展所处的状态。进而为区域或城市制定循环经济发展战略提供依据。利用物质流的理论和方法．依据欧盟指导原则，分析了1990—2003年间上海市经济-环境系统的物质总需求和资源生产率等主要指标。研究结果表明：①上海市巨大的物质总需求和直接物质消耗给上海市的生态环境带来了巨大的压力；②1996年上海市的资源生产率是全国的1．22倍．但2000年日本的资源生产率是上海市的36倍；③影响上海市的物质总需求或者环境质量的关键因素是技术和制度能力。在上述的分析基础上。提出在2020年之前上海市发展循环经济要注重于输入端的减物质化和加强循环绍济的技术支撑研究与开发以及制度能力建设。     

An air quality forecasting system in Beijing - Application to the study of dust storm events in China in May 2008

An air pollution forecast system, ARIA Regional, was implemented in 2007-2008 at the Beijing Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, providing daily forecast of main pollutant concentrations. The chemistry-transport model CHIMERE was coupled with the dust emission model MB95 for restituting dust storm events in springtime so as to improve forecast results. Dust storm events were sporadic but could be extremely intense and then control air quality indexes close to the source areas but also far in the Beijing area. A dust episode having occurred at the end of May 2008 was analyzed in this article, and its impact of particulate matter on the Chinese air pollution index (API) was evaluated. Following our estimation, about 23 Tg of dust were emitted from source areas in Mongolia and in the Inner Mongolia of China, transporting towards southeast. This episode of dust storm influenced a large part of North China and East China, and also South Korea. The model result was then evaluated using satellite observations and in situ data. The simulated daily concentrations of total suspended particulate at 6:00 UTC had a similar spatial pattern with respect to OMI satellite aerosol index. Temporal evolution of dust plume was evaluated by comparing dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) calculated from the simulations with AOD derived from MODIS satellite products. Finally, the comparison of reported Chinese API in Beijing with API calculated from the simulation including dust emissions had showed the significant improvement of the model results taking into account mineral dust correctly.     

全国大气扩散输送模态与区划研究

基于NCEP再分析气象资料,使用HYSPLIT模式对我国大陆区域进行了一整年的连续轨迹计算.轨迹以1°×1°的网格化经纬度分辨率进行计算.考虑气候、地理及经济因素,将全国计算区域分为10个大区,分别统计各大区出发的轨迹在全国的分布频率.根据全年和各季的轨迹统计结果,分析我国不同区域的大气输送扩散特征以及区域间大气环境的相互影响潜势.结果表明,全国10个大区的大气扩散输送模态可分为特性不同的7大类,其中以西北方向的3个大区为一类,西南高原的2个大区为另一类,其它各区自成一类.10个大区大气扩散物质的累积效应差异显著且季节变化特征各异.全国以西南区(XN)东部大气累积效应最强,东北区(DB)累积效应最弱.     

耐汞好氧反硝化菌的鉴定及适应汞离子的特性研究

从实验室保存的高效好氧反硝化菌种中筛选得到一株抗汞细菌并命名为X1,经生理生化特性和16SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonasputida).对菌株X1进行Hg2适应特性研究,结果表明,对于Hg2浓度为2、67++4、、mg·L-1的实验组,菌体分别需要被延滞12、284018、、h后进入对数期,而8mg·L-1实验组则不能进入对数期;在好氧反硝化过程中,Hg2浓度在7mg·L+-1范围内各实验组的好氧反硝化过程中NO3-N浓度变化速率、NO2-N累积峰值、pH特征点出现时刻随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大(延迟),而Hg2浓度呈现出同硝氮一致的下降趋势,并且在对数期内除汞率能达到100%.研究表明,菌株X1对Hg2最大适宜耐受浓度为7mg·L+-1,相应适应时间约为40h.在最大耐受浓度范围内,菌株X1的生长和好氧反硝化过程呈现出"被抑制-适应-受刺激"的变化规律,其中,被抑制的时间和受刺激的程度都随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大,主要表现为延滞期的延长和对数期的缩短.此外,在对数期,菌株X1的生长速率、达到稳定期的浓度和好+氧反硝化速率也都随着Hg2浓度的增大而增大,且大于无Hg2菌组.++     

模糊标识指数与对应分析法在水质评价中的联合应用

水质评价对判断水体的污染状况,了解其污染程度和成因有重要的意义,并可为水资源管理及水污染控制提供科学依据,而适当的评价方法是保证评价结果科学合理的关键.因此,本文以青山湖流域为例,在单因子指数法、综合指数法、灰色关联法、改进的模糊层次分析法、水质指数评价法、综合水质标识指数法6种常用水质评价法的结果对比分析的基础上,提出了一种新的模糊标识指数法.该方法结合了改进的模糊层次分析法和综合水质标识法的优点,不仅给出水质级别和水功能区达标程度,而且克服了以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,更加适用于水质状况的评价.同时,在模糊标准化处理基础上,采用对应分析法,将采样点与变量有机地结合起来进行分析.结果表明,青山湖流域的总体水质状况以劣Ⅴ类为主,总体水功能区达标率仅10.34%,流域根据受污染情况被分为3个区,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的主要污染因子分别是TN、NH4+-N与COD、TP.模糊标识指数法与对应分析法的联合应用可以全面分析流域水质状况,给出科学合理的评价结果.     

运用三维荧光光谱解析高温厌氧产氢反应过程对温度变化的响应

为建立反应器运行状态的荧光光谱快速监测方法,应用三维荧光光谱表征了高温厌氧反应器的出水,采用平行因子分析方法分析后得到3种荧光组分——蛋白质、辅酶NADH和核黄素,并获得它们的激发发射光谱图及相对浓度.结果表明,当温度从50 ℃上升到60 ℃的过程中,3种荧光物质的相对浓度均呈现相应的变化,它们与反应器的运行参数呈现明显相关性.进一步研究表明,核黄素是高温厌氧产氢反应中的特有荧光物质,采用标准加入法和二阶校正方法可以测定其实际浓度,出水中核黄素浓度变化范围为0.04~0.13 mg·L^-1.该研究为厌氧产氢反应器的运行监控提供了理论基础.