快速消解分光光度法测定低浓度水样化学需氧量的不确定度评定

摘要：运用测量不确定度评定的方法和程序,分析了快速消解分光光度法（HJ／T399—2007）测量水质化学需氧量测试过程中不确定度的来源,主要是标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、样品重复测定、分光光度计、取水样体积这五部分引入的不确定度。本次测量相对合成不确定度为0．027;最大的相对不确定度分量是标准曲线拟合引起的,相对不确定度为0．015;最小的相对不确定度分量是取水样体积引起的,相对不确定度为0．0032;本次测量结果为：56．0mg／L±3．04mg／L,k=2。     

水环境中轮状病毒分子生物学检测技术

轮状病毒是重要的水介传播病原体,其感染性强,稳定性高,是水环境中危害严重的病原微生物,快速、准确地检测水环境中的轮状病毒对于控制疾病爆发和保障水质公共卫生安全极为重要.本文系统介绍了水环境中病毒浓集方法、核酸提取方法以及分子生物学检测方法,综述了水中轮状病毒浓集和分子生物学检测方法的研究进展,并探讨了分子生物学方法在检测水环境中轮状病毒存在的问题及发展趋势.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田氮素平衡状况的演变 ——以江苏省宜兴市为例

以苏南宜兴市为例,通过收支计算,揭示快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田土壤氮素平衡的演变及其主要影响因素.结果表明,自1985年以来,由于化肥施用量的大幅度下降和有机肥使用的减少,宜兴市农田氮素输入总量减少,氮素盈余由1985年的131.7kg/hm2减少至2008年的5.0kg/hm2,收支逐渐趋于平衡.这一变化有利于减少农田生态系统氮素的积累,从而降低非点源污染的危害.然而,人畜排泄物利用的减少虽然能够在一定程度上降低农田氮素的盈余,但增加了向水体的直接排放,从全局考虑不利于区域水环境质量的改善.     

新时期城镇化进程中的农民工问题与对策

在新时期城镇化进程中。农民工的流动具有新的特点：农民工基数大、集中度高。造成流向偏差进而引发“大城市病”,面临组织化程度低、社会地位被“边缘化”,遭受经济贡献与利益分事上的失衡．并且新生代农民工和返航农民工正从农民工群体内部分化出来。在这种情况下。应增强中小城市的吸引力．加强城乡劳动力市场一体化建设。为进城农民工提供必要的公共服务和社会保障,加强职业技能培训。合理引导农民工“返航”潮流。帮助新生代农民工融入城市．防止“拉美陷阱”的出现。     

水中总氮测定相关问题的实验探讨

通过对国家标准测定方法《碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法》进行水样中总氮的测定,进一步理解在220nm、275nm波长处进行吸光度测定的重要性。并提出：在已经知道水样中没有氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮,只有硝酸盐氮的情况下．就能通过快速的方法一即不加氧化剂、不加压,可以进行总无机氮的测定。快速测定无机总氮对于工程应用来说很有意义。因为国标的方法需要半天时间测定。而用此方法则仅需几分钟就可完成测定。、另外对于有机物对于测定结果的影响,参考吸光度比值（A275／A220×100％）应小于20％,越小越好,超过时应予鉴别。     

微生物菌剂在包头市外五区生活垃圾处理上的应用前景

通过对包头市外五区生活垃圾处理现状分析,对垃圾腐解过程中,微生物的作用进行研究,探讨了生活垃圾处理菌剂在外五区生活垃圾处理上的可行性与适应性,为解决该地区生活垃圾的快速无害化处理提供思路。     

深圳市表层土壤多环芳烃污染及空间分异研究

以深圳为研究区域,选择土壤为研究对象,以多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为目标物,采集表层土壤样品188个,调查样品中PAHs的赋存状态,以此为基础,分析土壤PAHs污染水平与城市化进程的关系,并初步评估深圳土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,表层土壤中的28种PAHs(Σ28PAHs)、16种美国环保署优控PAHs(Σ16PAHs)和7种致癌PAHs(Σ7CarPAHs)的含量范围分别为5~7 939 ng·g-1、2~6 745 ng·g-1和未检出~3 786 ng·g-1.8种土地利用类型中Σ16PAHs平均含量由高到低依次为:交通用地、商业用地、工业用地、农业用地、居住用地、城市绿地、果园和林地.来源分析表明,化石燃料的燃烧是建设用地和非建设用地样品Σ16PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.1%和68.2%.研究还发现高分子量PAHs浓度和城市化水平呈显著正相关关系,深圳市土壤中PAHs生态风险总体处于较低水平.     

提高快速法测定C OD准确度及精密度的方法

介绍了用快速法测定COD分析中提高准确度及精密度的方法。     

A Contemporary,Sex‐Limited Change in Body Size of an Estuarine Turtle in Response to Commercial Fishing

Abstract: Juvenile growth rate and adult body size are important components of life‐history strategies because of their direct impact on fitness. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a sexually dimorphic, long‐lived turtle inhabiting brackish waters throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In parts of its range, terrapins face anthropogenically imposed mortality: juveniles of both sexes inadvertently enter commercial crab traps and drown. For adult females, the carapace eventually grows large enough that they cannot enter traps, whereas males almost never reach that critical size. We compared age structure, carapace dimensions, growth curves, and indices of sexual dimorphism for a Chesapeake Bay population of terrapins (where mortality of turtles is high due to crab traps) with contemporary terrapins from Long Island Sound and museum specimens from Chesapeake Bay (neither group subject to commercial crab traps). We also calculated the allochronic and synchronic rates of evolutionary change (haldanes) for males and females to measure the rate of trait change in a population or between populations, respectively. We found a dramatic shift to a younger male age structure, a decrease in the length of time to terminal female carapace size, a 15% increase in female carapace width, and an increase in sexual dimorphism in Chesapeake Bay. In a new twist, our results implicate a fishery in the selective increase in size of a reptilian bycatch species. These sex‐specific changes in life history and demography have implications for population viability that need to be considered when addressing conservation of this threatened turtle.