Error Assessment for Height Above the Nearest Drainage Inundation Mapping

Real‐time flood inundation mapping is vital for emergency response to help protect life and property. Inundation mapping transforms rainfall forecasts into meaningful spatial information that can be utilized before, during, and after disasters. While inundation mapping has traditionally been conducted on a local scale, automated algorithms using topography data can be utilized to efficiently produce flood maps across the continental scale. The Height Above the Nearest Drainage method can be used in conjunction with synthetic rating curves (SRCs) to produce inundation maps, but the performance of these inundation maps needs to be assessed. Here we assess the accuracy of the SRCs and calculate statistics for comparing the SRCs to rating curves obtained from hydrodynamic models calibrated against observed stage heights. We find SRCs are accurate enough for large‐scale approximate inundation mapping while not as accurate when assessing individual reaches or cross sections. We investigate the effect of terrain and channel characteristics and observe reach length and slope predict divergence between the two types of rating curves, and SRCs perform poorly for short reaches with extreme slope values. We propose an approach to recalculate the slope in Manning’s equation as the weighted average over a minimum distance and assess accuracy for a range of moving window lengths.     

包头市企业环境行为信用评价指标体系研究

企业环境行为信用评价是一种符合国情的先进的环境管理手段,是对当前环境管理制度的重要补充和完善.为了强化政府对污染源的监管,提升环保部门的环境监管力度和水平,督促企业持续改进环境行为,文章对不同尺度的指标体系进行了分析对比,结合包头市实际情况,构建了包含污染防治、环境管理、社会影响和组织管理四部分共二十五项指标的包头市企业环境行为信用评价指标体系,以期对环境管理起到检查和促进作用、前瞻和导向功能.     

多轴载荷下结构细节疲劳强度额定值确定方法

目的提出一种在多轴载荷下确定结构细节疲劳强度额定值的方法。方法基于单轴双点法细节疲劳强度额定值(DFR)确定方法,在多轴载荷下,首先利用高周多轴疲劳损伤模型求出其等效应力幅(等效拉伸应力幅或等效剪应力幅),结合Goodman方程,把等效应力幅转换为应力比R=0.06时的最大正应力,最终确定多轴条件下的细节疲劳强度额定值。通过7075-T651铝合金薄壁管进行单轴疲劳试验,确定单轴细节疲劳强度额定值,并进行多轴疲劳试验,包括比例加载和非比例加载。结果采用该方法预测多轴载荷下的DFR值,对比单轴试验的DFR值,相对误差的绝对值在10%左右。结论该方法确定多轴条件下的结构细节疲劳强度额定值具有较好的效果。     

Book reviews and notices

The aim of sustainable development is to balance social, economic, and environmental needs. In order to justify the decisions they make, stakeholders must quantify the different impacts found in the operations and developments of companies and/or projects throughout their life cycle. However, as some areas are subjective in nature, the quantification process of the different impacts and the assessment of sustainable development performance become arduous tasks of development, validation, and application of scientific and empirical methods with the intrinsic objective of finding an agreement among the involved parties (i.e., stakeholders). Several environmental and sustainability assessment tools, instruments, processes, and methodologies have been developed; rating systems stand out and have gained attention and credibility, as demonstrated by the vast number of certified projects around the world and the widely-known usefulness and advantages of their application. The Wa-Pa-Su project sustainability rating system presents an integrated approach to sustainability assessment by integrating three distinctive areas of knowledge: (1) sustainable development theory and fundamentals supports the ultimate goal of the rating system, which is to contribute to sustainability, with the aim of finding a path to balance social, economic, and environmental needs; (2) continual performance improvement becomes essential due to the duration of the projects, as it is critical to allow organizations or projects to improve performance over time; and (3) multi-criteria decision analysis assists with the assessment process through stakeholder engagement and participation, and the design and implementation of a criteria weighting system.     

建立我国海滩质量标准分级体系的探讨

在参考国内外主要海滩质量标准评价体系的基础上,论文根据我国海滩的具体状况,提出适合我国国情的海滩质量标准体系。标准体系包括自然和社会经济两类共54个因子,对不同开发程度的海滩实行不同的评分标准,最终将海滩分为钻石、金、银、铜及不及格5个等级。论文对山东和福建共6个不同开发程度(开发成熟,低度开发/未开发)的海滩进行了试点应用,结果表明,厦门黄厝得分最高,霞浦大京得分最低。同时解释所提出标准的适用性,并对海滩资源可持续开发利用提出管理对策。     

基于层次分析法的森林火险区划 —以徂徕山林场为例

森林火险区划是林火管理的基础。利用层次分析法将影响森林火险的静态因子评判指标分成三个层次,根据专业知识确定各因子权重,充分利用现有的可燃物和地形数据信息,以徂徕山林场为例进行了森林火险区划。区划结果表明,徂徕山林场大部分地区的火险为中低火险,高和极高火险区域面积分别占林场总面积的11.6%和3.1%。本研究为林场尺度上开展科学的火险区划提供技术参考。     

对企业实施环境保护信用等级管理的探讨——以滨州为例

为推进企业环境保护信用等级管理,滨州市环保和监察部门联合制定工作方案并向所辖县区下发文件专门部署,结合日常执法监管对市控以上企业从环保专项行动、排污情况、污染事故、治污设施、排污费和行政处罚、环境安全、建设项目、环境信访八个方面综合评定信用等级,实施有针对性的环境监督管理,有效解决了执法成本高、执法人员不足的问题,使有限的执法资源得到最合理的优化配置,进一步规范了企业环境行为,实现了引导企业自主守法和提高执法效率的双赢。     

New Institutional Mechanism in China Facilitating the Global Sustainability—Environment to Be Counted in Officials' Performance Rating

Abstract

Having argued the importance of China's sustainable development in global sustainability, the authors review the achievements of China in sustainable development, especially its institutional construction. Environment to be counted in official's political performance rating system is thought of as a new institutional mechanism in China facilitating its sustainable development and then global sustainability. Then its significance is narrated and visions in future are envisioned. In the end, certain concrete suggestions for the rating system are given in a practical way.     

草原火险等级预报研究

我国草原主要分布在北方干旱、半干旱地区,频繁发生的草原火灾给畜牧业生产、人民生活及草地生态系统带来了巨大的损失,还可能引起森林火灾,使损失进一步扩大.草原火险等级预报技术可以预测和预报草原火灾的发生和发展,大大减少火灾的发生次数和带来的损失.根据我国北方草原生态和环境特点,综合影响草原火灾发生和发展的因子,选择温度、相对湿度、风速、降水量、枯草率、可燃物干重和草地连续度共7个基本指标构造了基于遥感的草原火险指数.根据计算得到的草原火险指数,将研究区域的火险状态划分为低、中、高和极高4个等级,用来预测草原火灾发生的可能性、扩展速度和扑灭难度.草原火险等级预报可以为草原火灾管理者提供有力的管理工具.     

人口密度对森林火灾发生频率的影响

人类活动是引发森林火灾的主要原因之一，在中国、日本等国家，90％以上的森林火灾是由人为因素引起的。为了量化人类活动对森林火灾的影响，本文基于日本的三级网格系统，对日本全国范围内近年来的森林火灾数据、土地利用率数据和人口密度数据进行了综合分析，研究了人口密度对火灾发生频率的定量影响规律。结果表明：森林火灾发生频率与人口密度之间呈现出幂律关系，经过一步的分析，发现两者之间存在具有边界效应的简单关系，即渐近幂律分布。本文的研究结果对于森林火灾的防治，特别是对于火险的预测具有实用意义。