辽宁省铁法矿区土壤重金属污染健康风险评价

在辽宁省铁法矿区采集了33个土壤样品,对样品中重金属含量进行了测定。根据测试结果,分析了铁法矿区土壤中重金属含量分布特征。采用化学致癌物和躯体毒物质健康危害风险模型进行健康风险评价,并引用重金属评价等级体系分别对成人和儿童健康风险水平进行具体分析,得出以下结论：铁法矿区土壤中各种重金属元素均属于强变异,表明人类活动对该矿区土壤重金属含量产生了较大影响。矿区土壤中Cd含量超过国家一级标准值,但是并未造成较高的年均风险值。开采时间越长的矿区,年均风险值越大。致癌重金属的年均风险值较大,三种致癌重金属风险大小依次为Cr6＋〉As〉Cd;成人年均风险值处于Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个等级,在同一矿区儿童年均风险值要比成人年均风险值普遍高出两个等级,表明土壤中重金属元素对成人身体影响不大,对儿童影响较严重。     

基于多源数据融合的河南省建材行业排放清单

建材行业是典型的资源和能源消耗型产业,也是大气污染的主要排放源之一.中国作为全球最大的建材产品生产国和消费国,目前针对建材行业排放特征的研究总体较少,数据来源较为单一.以河南省建材行业为研究对象,首次将应急减排清单应用到排放清单构建中,通过对应急减排清单、排污许可和环境统计等多源数据的融合研究,完善和细化了建材行业活动水平数据,建立了更为精准的河南省建材行业排放清单.结果表明,2020年河南省建材行业的SO₂、 NO_x、一次PM_2.5和PM₁₀的排放量分别为21 788、 51 427、 10 107和14 471 t.其中,水泥和砖瓦是河南省建材行业大气污染物排放占比最高的2个行业,合计超过50%,水泥行业NO_x排放问题较为突出,砖瓦行业整体治理水平比较落后.豫中和豫北是河南省建材行业排放贡献最高的地区,合计超过全省的60%.建议加快推进水泥行业超低排放改造,针对砖瓦等行业完善地方排放标准,持续提升建材行业大气污染治理水平.     

Non-linear incentives,plan design,and flood mitigation: the case of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's community rating system

A basic proposition of ‘agency theory’ is that output-based performance incentives encourage greater effort. However, studies find that incentive schemes can distort effort if rewards for performance are discrete or non-linear. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Community Rating System (CRS) is a flood mitigation programme with a non-linear incentive design. Under this programme, localities are incentivised to implement a mix of 18 flood mitigation activities. Each activity is performance scored, with accumulated scores corresponding to a percent discount on flood insurance premiums for residents that hold National Flood Insurance policies. Discounts range from 0 to 45% and increase discretely in increments of 5%. With multivariate statistical and Geographic Information Systems analytic techniques, tests are made to find whether observed changes in annual CRS scores for participating localities in Florida are explained by non-linear incentives, adjusting for hydrologic conditions, flood disaster histories, socio-economic and human capital controls that can plausibly account for local mitigation activity scores over time. Results indicate that local jurisdictions are discount-seeking, with mitigation efforts partially driven by the non-linear incentive design of the CRS programme. The paper ends with recommendations to improve the operation FEMA's flood mitigation programme.     

Power performance characterization of multi-crystalline silicon solar cells and its module at outdoor exposure

Outdoor power performance measurements of silicon (Si) solar cells and its assembled module were carried out at the coastal site of geographical location of 12.0107° Latitude and 79.856° Longitude, of Puducherry, India. Measurements were analyzed in comparison with the daily solar illumination data obtained by an optical pyranometer deployed with global measurement condition. It was found that the module required ~3 times more illumination to stabilize in its output voltage than the requirement of an individual cell and exhibited 11.35% loss in its efficiency compared to its STC value. Proposed operation of 5.30 hours was found resulting in an output rating fixed at ~40% from its 100% full capacity.