基于PCA方法的长江口滩涂围垦区土地利用动态综合评价及驱动力

基于1987、1995、2000和2006年长江口TM、ETM遥感影像,采用“空间代时间”和主成分分析（PCA）综合评价模型的方法,对长江口奉贤不同围垦年限土地利用动态特征进行了综合评价分析。利用南汇围垦区土地利用动态变化对综合评价的结果进行验证。表明：（1）围垦区土地利用程度指数随着围垦年限增加而呈线性升高趋势（〖WTBX〗R2〖WTBZ〗=0457 7）,GM（土地利用多样性指数）呈现指数上升趋势并在围垦后35~40 a达到稳定态;（2）PCA土地利用综合评价指数（〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗）与农耕用地正相关（水田>大棚用地>旱地>林地>园地）,与反映滨海特征类型（养殖塘>草地>开放水域>光滩）呈负相关;（3）土地利用PCA综合评价指数（〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗）随围垦年限增加呈现对数增长（〖WTBX〗R2=0511 9）〖WTBZ〗并在围垦后40 a左右达到稳定态,回归分析表明〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗值能很好反映土地利用程度指数（〖WTBX〗L〖WTBZ〗）和多样性指数（〖WTBX〗GM〖WTBZ〗）的变化趋势;(4)不同围垦年限土地利用动态变异驱动力：人为因素>自然因素。     

土工布阻隔煤矸石中重金属迁移实验研究

常规的煤矸石充填复垦塌陷地技术给环境造成难以治理的二次污染.煤矸石淋出液中的重金属元素会污染底部土体和地下水.引入国外矿区复垦应用成熟的土工布技术,选取聚乙烯丙纶、涤纶针刺、涤纶复合土工布和HDPE土工膜4类土工材料,采用室内柱状淋溶实验,初步研究土工布对煤矸石淋出液中重金属的阻隔作用.结果表明,4种土工布都不同程度地降低了淋出液中重金属的含量.其中,聚乙烯丙纶和涤纶针刺土工布降低重金属Cr的效果较好,浓度低于对照23.7%～33.5%,总量低于对照36.2%～50.0%;HDPE土工膜和涤纶复合土工布对重金属Pb和Cu十分有效,浓度低于对照17.0%～21.1%,总量低于对照22.9%～26.8%.同时,土工布吸附了大量的重金属,淋溶柱中重金属的残留量降低.聚乙烯丙纶和涤纶复合土工布吸附Cr的能力较高,涤纶针刺土工布吸附Pb的效果较好,涤纶针刺土工布和HDPE土工膜能大量地吸附Cu.研究可知,土工布的种类多,功能强大,在国内矿区土地充填复垦工作中将有广阔的应用前景.     

长江流域生态环境对洪涝影响的评价

长江流域的生态环境问题近年来变得越来越严重,其集中表现为：人口急剧增长的情况下,土地资源过度利用和不合理的开发,使生态环境的脆弱性增强,造成生态环境的恶化,结果导致洪水威胁加剧。本文通过对长江流域生态环境问题的分析,提出目前存在的问题是上游森林的过度开发、毁林开荒、陡坡开荒造成水土流失,增加了中下游河湖的泥沙淤积;中下游地区盲目围湖造田,占用行洪洲滩,湿地生态环境遭到破坏,造成水调蓄面积减少。最后就生态环境问题对洪涝的影响进行了评价。     

Management of marine cage aquaculture

Goal, Scope and Background Marine cage aquaculture produces a large amount of waste that is released directly into the environment. To effectively manage the mariculture environment, it is important to determine the carrying capacity of an aquaculture area. In many Asian countries trash fish is dominantly used in marine cage aquaculture, which contains more water than pellet feed. The traditional nutrient loading analysis is for pellet feed not for trash fish feed. So, a more critical analysis is necessary in trash fish feed culturing areas. Methods Corresponding to FCR (feed conversion rate), dry feed conversion rate (DFCR) was used to analyze the nutrient loadings from marine cage aquaculture where trash fish is used. Based on the hydrodynamic model and the mass transport model in Xiangshan Harbor, the relationship between the water quality and the waste discharged from cage aquaculture has been determined. The environmental carrying capacity of the aquaculture sea area was calculated by applying the models noted above. Results Nitrogen and phosphorus are the water quality parameters considered in this study. The simulated results show that the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were 0.216 mg/L and 0.039 mg/L, respectively. In most of the sea area, the nutrient concentrations were higher than the water quality standard. The calculated environmental carrying capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiangshan Harbor were 1,107.37 t/yr and 134.35 t/yr, respectively. The waste generated from cage culturing in 2000 has already exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Discussion Unconsumed feed has been identified as the most important origin of all pollutants in cage culturing systems. It suggests the importance of increasing the feed utilization and improving the feed composition on the basis of nutrient requirement. For the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollution loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Conclusions The DFCR-based nutrient loadings analysis indicates, in trash fish feed culturing areas, that it is more critical and has been proved to be a valuable loading calculation method. The modeling approach for Xiangshan Harbor presented in this paper is a cost-effective method for assessing the environmental impact and determining the capacity. Carrying capacity information can give scientific suggestions for the sustainable management of aquaculture environments. Recommendations and Perspectives It has been proved that numerical models were convenient tools to predict the environmental carrying capacity. The development of models coupled with dynamic and aquaculture ecology is a requirement of further research. Such models can also be useful in monitoring the ecological impacts caused by mariculture activities. ESS-Submission Editor: Hailong Wang (hailong.wang@ensisjv.com)     

桉树人工林地力衰退防治研究──改全垦为带垦

主要讨论了桉树造林整地方式──全垦与带垦对桉树生长的影响,以及对土壤侵蚀、土壤养分和土壤物理性质的影响．研究结果表明,改全垦为带垦对防止桉树人工林地力衰退有积极作用．