十溴联苯醚在单次暴露的孕和非孕SD大鼠血液内的吸收分布

五溴联苯醚、八溴联苯醚被禁以后,十溴联苯醚（BDE-209〉97%）是现在唯一仍在全球范围内广泛使用的多溴联苯醚阻燃剂。BDE-209在环境介质和生物体,甚至人体的血液、母乳中普遍存在,而且BDE-209的环境含量呈上升趋势。在实验室条件下,BDE-209可以通过生物代谢,或光降解、热降解转换形成毒性更强的低溴代PBDEs、羟基甲氧基PBDEs、致癌物多溴二苯并二噁英/呋喃（PBDD/DFs）。所以BDE-209的环境行为及生物效应成为环境污染物领域研究的热点之一。目前,关于BDE-209对妊娠期生物体的暴露研究还是很少。研究了十溴联苯醚在单次暴露的孕和非孕SD大鼠血液内的吸收代谢。结果表明,BDE-209可以被孕和非孕SD大鼠吸收,孕和非孕SD大鼠血液中吸收的BDE-209都可以快速的排出。BDE209在孕和非孕SD大鼠体内存在脱溴代谢,主要的脱溴代谢物是3种nona-BDE（sBDE-206,-207,-208）和五种octa-BDEs（BDE-196,-197/204,-198/203）,其中3种nona-BDEs是主要的代谢物,而BDE-207是nona-BDEs中含量最大的单体。BDE-209及其脱溴代谢物nona-BDEs的清除速率,在SD孕鼠的体内快于SD非孕鼠,而且在暴露实验的后期还存在统计意义的显著差异性。     

废弃电子塑料在超临界异丙醇中的液化特性

研究了废弃含溴化阻燃剂的电子塑料在超临界异丙醇中的液化特性.研究结果表明塑料在超临界异丙醇中发生了解聚,产生油、气以及固体残渣,塑料中的溴化阻燃剂发生了脱溴降解.反应时间、固/液比、溶剂填充度对塑料解聚及阻燃剂脱溴降解影响较大,在最佳工艺条件(温度:400℃,反应时间:60min,固/液比:1/10,溶剂填充度:50%)下获得60%的产油率及95.3%的脱溴率.油以苯系物及酚类物质为主要组成物质,其热值为37.5MJ/kg.超临界异丙醇处理含溴化阻燃剂塑料主要包括溴化阻燃剂的萃取、脱溴降解和塑料高温解聚等过程.     

常温常压KBH4还原法快速脱除水煤浆中的硫

使用KBH4还原法脱除水煤浆中的硫.在常温常压,KBH4浓度为2.0 mmol.L-1、煤炭粒径109μm、处理时间10 min、搅拌速度为200 r.min-1的条件下,低硫水煤浆中煤炭的总脱硫率可以达到43.0%.而且硫酸盐硫的脱除率约47.8%,黄铁矿硫的脱除率约55.4%;同时有机硫的脱除率约23.9%.硼氢化钾还原法相比其它传统化学脱硫方法,对有机硫和无机硫脱除均有作用,试剂用量少,反应条件温和,脱硫速度快,热值的损耗小,处理后水煤浆中煤炭的热值有所提高,起燃温度降低.     

Particle Surface Hydrophobicity and the Dechlorination of Chloro-Compounds by Iron Sulfides

Halogenated aliphatic compounds (HACs) can be reduced by iron sulfides in aqueous systems. Generally, the thermodynamics and kinetics of dehalogenation reactions are controlled by the mineralogical and particle surface characteristics of the iron sulfide, the composition of the HAC and reaction conditions such as component concentrations, pH and Eh. In this theoretical and experimental investigation of CCl₄ and C₂Cl₆ reduction by FeS and FeS₂, the roles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites on the iron sulfides were analyzed. Experimental data obtained through zeta potential measurements, were used along with the Gouy-Chapman model and the simple two-layer surface complexation model to relate iron sulfide surface hydroxyl densities to the degree of HAC dehalogenation. The surface hydroxyl site densities of FeS and FeS₂ were found to be 0.11 sites/nm² and 0.21 sites/nm², respectively. During the dehalogenation reaction process, CCl₄ was found to decrease to its first intermediate product CHCl₃ within the first 20 hours followed by a slower process of conversion to CH₂Cl₂. The results also show that FeS is less hydrated (more hydrophobic) than FeS₂. For CCl₄ and C₂Cl₆, FeS is a better dehalogenator than FeS₂. These results imply that particle surface hydrophobicity is a critical factor in surface-mediated dehalogenation of chlorinated compounds.     

Integration of microbial reductive dehalogenation with persulfate activation and oxidation (Bio-RD-PAO) for complete attenuation of organohalides

•Bio-RD-PAO can effectively and extensively remove organohalides. •Bio-RD alone effectively dehalogenate the highly-halogenated organohalides. •PAO alone is efficient in degrading the lowly-halogenated organohalides. •The impacts of PAO on organohalide-respiring microbial communities remain elusive. •Bio-RD-PAO provides a promising solution for remediation of organohalide pollution. Due to the toxicity of bioaccumulative organohalides to human beings and ecosystems, a variety of biotic and abiotic remediation methods have been developed to remove organohalides from contaminated environments. Bioremediation employing organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB)-mediated microbial reductive dehalogenation (Bio-RD) represents a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to attenuate highly-halogenated organohalides, specifically organohalides in soil, sediment and other anoxic environments. Nonetheless, many factors severely restrict the implications of OHRB-based bioremediation, including incomplete dehalogenation, low abundance of OHRB and consequent low dechlorination activity. Recently, the development of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) based on sulfate radicals (SO₄^·−) via the persulfate activation and oxidation (PAO) process has attracted tremendous research interest for the remediation of lowly-halogenated organohalides due to its following advantages, e.g., complete attenuation, high reactivity and no selectivity to organohalides. Therefore, integration of OHRB-mediated Bio-RD and subsequent PAO (Bio-RD-PAO) may provide a promising solution to the remediation of organohalides. In this review, we first provide an overview of current progress in Bio-RD and PAO and compare their limitations and advantages. We then critically discuss the integration of Bio-RD and PAO (Bio-RD-PAO) for complete attenuation of organohalides and its prospects for future remediation applications. Overall, Bio-RD-PAO opens up opportunities for complete attenuation and consequent effective in situ remediation of persistent organohalide pollution.     

零价金属还原技术处理氯代有机物的研究进展

氯代有机化合物是一类常见的环境污染物,由于其水溶解度低,生物反应活性低,用常规的物化及生物处理方法难以将其去除.零价金属还原技术是近几年发展起来的环境污染物治理技术,是很有应用前景的一种非生物降解技术,文章阐述了零价金属还原技术在还原降解氯代有机物方面的应用,包括氯代烷烃、氯代烯烃、氯代芳香族化合物以及有机氯农药等,并提出了该技术存在的一些值得思考的问题,探讨了零价金属还原技术的发展方向.     

氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯的还原脱氯研究

通过批量实验研究了在氧化锌-Fe(Ⅱ)混合体系中,束缚在氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯的还原脱氯作用。结果表明,这种束缚在氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯有一定的还原脱氯作用,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程。与均质溶液中的Fe(Ⅱ)相比,束缚在氧化锌表面的Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯有更强的还原脱氯作用。实验还发现三氯乙烯在氧化锌-Fe(Ⅱ)混合体系中的还原脱氯速率受pH值和Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的影响。Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为1mmol·L-1,在pH值5.0～9.0范围内,还原脱氯反应速率常数kobs及三氯乙烯去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。维持pH值7.0不变,在Fe(Ⅱ)浓度1～4mmol·L-1范围内,kobs及三氯乙烯去除率随Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的增大而增大,但是Fe(Ⅱ)浓度进一步升高,kobs及三氯乙烯去除率反而降低。当Fe(Ⅱ)初始浓度为4mmol·L-1、pH=7.0时,三氯乙烯在氧化锌-Fe(Ⅱ)混合体系中的kobs及三氯乙烯去除率均达到最大值,分别为0.260h-1、71.7%。     

维生素B12对厌氧污泥还原降解8:2FTOH的影响

研究了投加生物催化剂维生素B₁₂（VB₁₂）对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2氟调聚醇（8：2FTOH）的影响.结果表明,投加VB₁₂能够改变厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH的动力学特性并增加其最终去除率,但投加量存在上下限：当VB₁₂投加量≤1mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量无显著增加;当VB₁₂投加量≥5mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量也不再持续增加.投加所有剂量的VB₁₂均可显著增加8：2FTOH的最终脱氟率.投加VB₁₂对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH去除率和脱氟率的影响并不一致.此外,投加较高浓度的VB₁₂可以抑制厌氧污泥还原降解8：2FTOH过程中多氟代化合物等中间降解产物的积累,提高全氟代化合物等终态降解产物的产率,同时有利于增加8：2FTOH的矿化脱氟率,但却导致了更低的总物质的量回收率.     

维生素B12催化纳米零价铁仿生降解全氟辛磺酸

研究了维生素B₁₂（VB₁₂）催化纳米零价铁（nFe⁰）仿生还原降解工业级全氟辛磺酸（PFOS）.结果表明,VB₁₂催化nFe⁰不仅能够降解支链PFOS,而且也能够同时降解直链PFOS,这是首次报道直链PFOS的仿生还原降解.PFOS降解过程可用准一级动力学模型模拟,且升高温度有利于PFOS的还原降解去除和脱氟.超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-QTOF）定性分析表明,PFOS仿生降解产物包括4种全氟磺酸类（全氟碳链长度为C4~C7）、9种全氟羧酸类（全氟碳链长度为C2~C7、C10、C11和C13）和5种多氟代酸类（即H-全氟己酸、H-全氟庚酸、H-全氟辛酸、H₂-全氟辛酸和H-全氟辛磺酸）化合物.全氟磺酸类和全氟羧酸类化合物首次在VB₁₂仿生催化降解PFOS的产物之中检出,其中全氟十一烷酸（C10）、全氟十二烷酸（C11）和全氟十四烷酸（C13）等长链化合物第一次在降解PFOS过程中被发现.在降解样中检出的H-全氟烷烃（链长为C2~C7、C10、C11和C13）是否是PFOS的仿生降解产物,还有待进一步研究确认.     

土壤还原过程对氯代有机污染物还原脱氯的影响与机制

自然环境中,大多数氯代有机污染物厌氧还原脱氯反应是与土壤环境中一些生源要素的生物化学还原过程相伴生。有机污染物的种类、生物有效性以及毒性能够显著影响这些生源要素的转化,反过来,土壤中活跃的氧化还原反应也可以显著影响有机污染物的动力学转化过程。本文从氧化还原顺序上综述了反硝化过程、铁还原过程、硫酸盐还原过程和产甲烷过程对氯代有机污染物厌氧还原脱氯过程的影响与作用机制,旨在为氯代有机污染物在厌氧环境中还原脱氯的过程与机理的进一步研究、以及还原脱氯与微生物介导的生源要素氧化还原过程的耦合作用机制的揭示提供参考。