西安市大气中多环芳烃的季节变化及健康风险评价

对西安市2009年6月-2010年5月空气中的总悬浮颗粒（TSP）和气态样品进行了连续采样,利用GC—MS对16种PAHs进行分析。∑PAHs浓度（气相＋颗粒相）范围为39．93～1032．46ng／m^3,平均值为197．34ng／m^3;其中,冬季大气中∑PAHs浓度最大,相对浓度的范围为31．21％～72．98％,而夏季的浓度最小;检测出16种2～6环的PAHs,其中以3—4环为主。利用特征分子比值法和因子分析进行源解析,发现研究区PAHs的主要来源为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。通过苯并（a）芘（BaP）等效毒性（BEQ）和苯并（a）芘等效致癌浓度（BaPE）进行健康风险评价,结果显示,西安大气中PAHs的毒性具有明显的季节差异,特别是秋季和冬季大气中PAHs对人类的健康存在较大的潜在威胁。     

Assessment of DDT and mercury levels in fish and sediments in the Iriri River,Brazil: Distribution and ecological risk

Abstract

In order to assess the risk of exposure of human populations to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and mercury, muscles of five fish species were analysed, along with the surface sediment of 14 Iriri River sampling sites. The fish specimens were sacrificed by the spinal section, prior to sex identification, body weight determination and total length. Considering the fish specimens studied, 11% of them showed concentrations of mercury higher than the maximum established by the World Health Organization for safe human consumption. A positive correlation between fish body weight and mercury concentration was observed, besides a positive correlation between the fish size and Hg concentration. Significant differences (P?<?0.05) were found between mean concentrations of DDT and metabolites among species of fish studied. In the Plagioscion squamossissimus species, the highest concentration of total DDT (151.4?ng/g) was found, while in Eugerres Brasilianus species, the lowest. However, the DDT levels in fish muscle of studied species are below the maximum set by FAO-Alimentarius CODEX. In the sediments, total DDT ranged from 11.58?ng/g to 48.4?ng/g, which is associated with the historical DDT use in the Amazon. According to sediment quality guidelines, these levels have a moderate toxic effect in almost all of the studied region.     

The effect of alkyl chain length on the degradation of alkylimidazolium- and pyridinium-type ionic liquids in a Fenton-like system

Background, aim, and scope  Ionic liquids are regarded as essentially “green” chemicals because of their insignificant vapor pressure and, hence, are a good alternative to the emissions of toxic conventional volatile solvents. Not only because of their attractive industrial applications, but also due to their very high stability, ionic liquids could soon become persistent contaminants of technological wastewaters and, moreover, break through into natural waters following classical treatment systems. The removal of harmful organic pollutants has forced the development of new methodologies known as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among them, the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions are usually modified by the use of a higher hydrogen peroxide concentration and through different catalysts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on degradation rates in a Fenton-like system of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids with alkyl chains of varying length and 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride. Materials and methods  The ionic liquids were oxidized in dilute aqueous solution in the presence of two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. All reactions were performed in the dark to prevent photoreduction of Fe(III). The concentrations of ionic liquids during the process were monitored with high-performance liquid chromatography. Preliminary degradation pathways were studied with the aid of ¹H NMR. Results  Degradation of ionic liquids in this system was quite effective. Increasing the H₂O₂ concentration from 100 to 400 mM improved ionic liquid degradation from 57–84% to 87–100% after 60 min reaction time. Resistance to degradation was weaker, the shorter the alkyl chain. Discussion  The compound omimCl was more resistant to oxidation then other compounds, which suggests that the oxidation rates of imidazolium ionic liquids by OH· are structure-dependent and are correlated with the n-alkyl chain length substituted at the N-1-position. The level of degradation was dependent on the type of head group. Replacing the imidazolium head group with pyridinium increased resistance to degradation. Nonetheless, lengthening the alkyl chain from four to eight carbons lowered the rate of ionic liquid degradation to a greater extent than changing the head group from imidazolium to pyridinium. 1H-NMR spectra show, in the first stage of degradation, that it is likely that radical attack is nonspecific, with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack. Conclusions  The proposed method has proven to be an efficient and reliable method for the degradation of imidazolium ionic liquids by a Fenton-like reagent deteriorated with lengthening n-alkyl substituents and by replacing the imidazolium head group with pyridinium. The enhanced resistance of 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride when the resistance of imidazolium ionic liquids decreases with increasing H₂O₂ concentration is probably indicative of a change in the degradation mechanism in a vigorous Fenton-like system. H-NMR spectra showed, in the first stage of degradation, that radical attack is nonspecific, with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack. Recommendations and perspectives  Since ionic liquids are now one of the most promising alternative chemicals of the future, the degradation and waste management studies should be integrated into a general development research of these chemicals. In the case of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids that are known to be resistant to bio- or thermal degradation, studies in the field of AOPs should assist the future structural design as well as tailor the technological process of these chemicals     

农药毒死蜱的生态风险及其微生物修复技术研究进展

毒死蜱是替代甲胺磷和对硫磷等高毒农药的高效有机磷杀虫剂,在世界范围得到广泛使用.但是,环境毒理学研究发现,毒死蜱对生态环境具有潜在的危险性,甚至被认为具有干扰内分泌的功能,许多国家对毒死蜱在农产品中的残留量有严格的规定.因此,深入研究毒死蜱的生态风险问题是当务之急.对国内外关于毒死蜱的残留活性、生态毒理、降解机制以及生物修复等方面的研究进行了综述,以期对毒死蜱的合理管理和使用提供科学依据.     

三峡水库135 m蓄水前后水体重金属环境健康风险评价

三峡水库135 m蓄水后,水体中各重金属的单因子污染指数和Nemerow综合污染指数均有不同程度的增大,特别是Pb污染应该引起重视.健康风险评价结果表明,成库前后非致癌有毒化学物质(Hg、Pb和Cu)所引起的健康危害的个人年风险为Pb＞Cu＞Hg,致癌物质对人体健康危害的个人年风险均大于非致癌物.各类污染物所致个人平均健康危害成库前后均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,为可接受水平.     

珠江下游河段沉积物中重金属含量及污染评价

为了解珠江下游出海河道沉积物中重金属含量及各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,用电感耦合等离子质谱法和原子荧光法测定了21个样点沉积物中13种元素的总量,及对底泥中主要重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,珠江下游河道总Fe、总Mn含量分别为41 658.73 mg.kg-1和1 104.73 mg.kg-1,微量元素Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Pb和Hg的平均值分别为86.62、18.18、54.10、80.20、543.60、119.55、4.28、10.60、20.26、104.58和0.520 mg.kg-1,地积累指数评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为：Cd〉As≈Zn〉Hg〉Pb≈Cu≈Cr,潜在生态风险程度大小顺序：Cd〉Hg〉As〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr,Cd是该水域污染和潜在生态风险最大的元素,单项潜在生态风险与区域综合潜在生态风险一致.珠江下游河道底泥Cd、Hg和Pb污染受输入影响北江大于西江和东江.聚类分析结果表明,研究站位潜在生态风险可分5类,基本反映了站位分布及沉积物环境污染变化特征.总体而言,重金属污染和生态风险程度较高的江段有陈村-沙湾段、陈村-顺德港段及外海-虎跳门段,北江及相关河道污染程度和潜在生态风险指数高于区域其他江段.     

武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露风险评估

在武汉市区设置70个采样点,采集土壤、灰尘、大气及食品样品.根据美国EPA推荐的儿童铅暴露参数,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评估方法对武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露进行了风险评估,结果表明,武汉市区儿童每天的铅暴露量为1.20×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1.经消化道途径是儿童摄入铅的主要途径,其暴露量为1.04×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1,其次为经呼吸道途径及皮肤吸收途径,其暴露量分别为0.153×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1和8.56×10-7mg.（kg.d）-1.在消化道途径中,摄入土壤或灰尘铅暴露量占占总暴露量的52.0%,通过消化道途径摄入土壤或灰尘是最主要的暴露途径.用Monte Carlo法进行模拟,在消化道途径中,通过摄取土壤铅暴露量为2.48×10-2mg.d-1.超过JECFA指定的PTDI的概率为2.1%.风险水平R计算结果表明,从消化道、呼吸道、皮肤吸收这3个途径的铅暴露风险均小于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5,其中经过皮肤吸收途径的铅暴露风险值小于可忽略风险水平1×10-8.应用Kriging插值法获得武汉市中心城区儿童铅日暴露量的空间分布,运用指示Kriging方法获得了武汉市儿童铅暴露危险指数图,显示武汉市青山区及江岸区儿童铅暴露水平较高.     

枯、平、丰水期长江3条支流表层水中多氯联苯的分布特征及风险评价

采用GC-MS/MS技术对长江3条支流(沱江、藕池河下游和松澧洪道)在不同水期的81个表层水样进行分析.实验发现样品表层水样中PCB8、18和28是优势污染物.∑PCBs在沱江、藕池河下游和松澧洪道3条支流不同水期表层水中的几何均值分别为1.96~2.59 ng ·L^-1、1.84~2.54 ng ·L^-1和1.52~2.38 ng ·L^-1,含量均低于美国EPA连续暴露基准(14 ng ·L^-1).实验结果与国内外相关文献报道值相比较,显示该研究区域表层水中PCBs浓度处于较低水平,癌症风险评价结果表明饮用该区域水摄入PCBs而带来的风险为0.15×10^-7~0.26×10^-7,说明研究区水样中因PCBs污染引起的癌症风险较低.     

中国环境风险现状及发展趋势分析

基于国内2000-2009年以来环境污染事故统计资料,深入分析了中国现阶段环境风险类型、事故高发区域、事故损失、环境风险事故诱因等特征,并对其环境风险演变趋势进行了判断。新时期中国经济增长方式处于转变阶段,以布局型环境隐患和结构型环境风险为首要威胁,风险类型更加复杂化,事故影响范围进一步扩大,由于居民消费转型与科技发展带来的新型环境风险更是不可预知,环境风险压力进一步增大。