不锈钢电极对重金属污染土壤的强化电动修复及电极腐蚀结晶现象与机制

电极腐蚀和盐分结晶是制约土壤电动修复技术工程化应用的重要难题.本研究选择不锈钢作为电极,采用去离子水(DW)、柠檬酸(CA)和聚天冬氨酸(PASP)作为电解液,对Pb、Cu污染土壤进行强化电动修复,考察了重金属去除作用及影响因素,探讨了电极腐蚀和盐分结晶现象与机制.结果表明,在电场作用下,土壤中的Ca会迁向阴极在碱性条件下形成CaCO_3和Ca(OH)_2晶体,降低了电极的导电性;PASP对不锈钢电极有明显的缓蚀作用,CA和PASP都能明显地破坏CaCO_3晶体的形成,但无法对Ca(OH)_2晶体形成有效的破坏;CA和PASP都能促进土壤中Pb的去除,但PASP对Cu去除强化作用不明显,而CA对Cu的去除强化作用非常显著;不锈钢配合不同的缓蚀剂、增强剂联合使用,可以作为电动修复技术工程化应用的电极选择.     

煤层气产出水的人工湿地构建与处理效果研究

针对煤层气田产出水排放所存在的环境隐患,在山西省沁水盆地建立复合型人工湿地处理系统,对比产出水经该系统处理前后的水质,研究人工湿地系统对煤层气产出水的净化效果,结果表明:人工湿地对产出水中污染物发挥了较为稳定的去除效果,出水水质可达农田灌溉水质标准。其中,人工湿地对于产出水中的悬浮物和重金属有良好的去除效果,悬浮物去除率达99.13%,重金属去除率达90%以上;对产出水的pH值具有良好的调节作用,使出水水质趋于中性。研究人工湿地系统的沿程水质变化,发现悬浮物的去除主要发生在阶梯式人工湿地,湿地系统对全盐量的去除效果不明显。该湿地系统由于处理成本低廉,可为野外处理类似高盐度的采矿废水提供借鉴和参考。     

基于SWMM的滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行效能分析

滇池环湖截污干渠工程是滇池环湖截污体系的重要组成部分,利用SWMM模型对滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行情况进行模拟,并对其运行效能进行分析。分析结果表明:典型降雨年景(降雨保证率分别为29.7%、93.8%和82.8%)下滇池环湖截污干渠对现状汇水范围内全年产生的污水收集率为29.52%~51.68%,对设计服务范围内产生的污水收集处理率为46.3%~67.9%。环湖截污干渠系统旱季收集处理效率明显高于雨季,各截污片区收集处理率存在明显差异。当重现期≤0.2年时环湖截污系统现状汇水范围内产生的污水及地表径流均能够被收集与处理;当重现期≤0.25年时环湖截污系统设计服务范围内产生的污水及地表径流能够完全被收集与处理。     

中国工业污染场地修复发展状况分析

近十年来,污染场地修复工作得以重视和发展。目前我国已完成工业污染场地修复项目达200余例,并逐步形成产业规模。通过长期调研、咨询,收集到了国内现有的大多数工业污染场地修复项目,共计166例。通过对这些项目进行分析,初步阐述了目前我国工业污染场地修复行业的一些发展特点:行业发展前景广阔,项目数量逐年增多,但资金来源仍是主要制约因素;修复项目主要集中在土地价值较高的一线及省会城市,有机类污染场地主要分布沿海地区,而重金属污染场地主要分布于西南、中南地区;修复工期普遍较短,58.3%的项目工期小于半年;修复技术相对粗糙,以异位修复为主,固化稳定化、化学处理和水泥窑焚烧技术应用次数最多。总体而言,我国土壤修复行业还处于起步阶段。     

Electrochemical inactivation of cyanobacteria and microcystin degradation using a boron-doped diamond anode——A potential tool for cyanobacterial bloom control

Cyanobacterial blooms are global phenomena that can occur in calm and nutrient-rich(eutrophic) fresh and marine waters. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and their biologically active products is possible during water sports and various water activities, or by ingestion of contaminated water. Although the vast majority of harmful cyanobacterial products are confined to the interior of the cells, these are eventually released into the surrounding water following natural or artificially induced cell death. Electrochemical oxidation has been used here to damage cyanobacteria to halt their proliferation, and for microcystin degradation under in-vitro conditions. Partially spent Jaworski growth medium with no addition of supporting electrolytes was used. Electrochemical treatment resulted in the cyanobacterial loss of cell-buoyancy regulation, cell proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. Microcystin degradation was studied separately in two basic modes of treatment: batch-wise flow, and constant flow, for electrolytic-cell exposure. Batch-wise exposure simulates treatment under environmental conditions, while constant flow is more appropriate for the study of boron-doped diamond electrode efficacy under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of microcystin degradation was established using high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector analysis, while the biological activities of the products were estimated using a colorimetric protein phosphatase-1 inhibition assay. The results indicate potential for the application of electro-oxidation methods for the control of bloom events by taking advantage of specific intrinsic ecological characteristics of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The applicability of the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes in remediation of water exposed to cyanobacteria bloom events is discussed.     

Enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency by in situ fabrication of BiOBr/BiVO4 surface junctions

Surface junctions between Bi OBr and BiVO_4 were synthesized. The BiOBr/BiVO_4 with 1 wt.%of Bi OBr exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity in the degradation of Rh B under visible-light irradiation. It was found that the highly efficient adsorption of Rh B molecules via the electrostatic attraction between Br-and cationic \N(Et)_2 group played a key role for the high photocatalytic activities of BiOBr/BiVO_4. This efficient adsorption promoted the N-deethylation of Rh B and thus accelerated the photocatalytic degradation of Rh B.Moreover, the metal-to-metal charge transfer(MMCT) mechanism was proposed, which revealed the concrete path paved with Bi–O–Bi chains for the carrier migration in BiOBr/BiVO_4. The interaction between photoexcited Rh B* and the Bi~(3+) in BiVO_4 provided the driving force for the migration of photo-generated carriers along the Bi–O–Bi chains. This work has not only demonstrated the important role of efficient adsorption in the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants, but also developed a facile strategy to improve the efficiency of photocatalysts.     

稳定型纳米零价铁去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚

为改善纳米零价铁(NZVI)在水溶液中容易发生团聚和易被氧化的缺点.本文研究利用廉价易得的环境友好型材料羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)对NZVI进行包覆改性,利用空间位阻效应提高其分散悬浮性.利用透射电镜和X射线衍射研究了改性后的纳米铁微观结构及物相组成,通过化学实验研究其对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除效果.结果表明,改性后的NZVI直径大约在80~100 nm,呈链状或分散颗粒分布,主要物质组成为零价铁,具有强还原性.当CMS的比例为80.00%时,悬浮性最佳;经过CMS包覆改性后,NZVI还保留原有的活性,在不同包覆比例对于2,4-DCP的去除效果的实验中发现,同样CMS比例为80%时去除效果最好,达到83.69%,且有明显的脱氯降解过程.     

Fe3O4/CeO2复合材料催化降解橙黄G的效能及降解途径

为研究磁性纳米Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料在高浓度难降解有机废水处理中的应用,利用共沉淀法制备Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料,并将其作为非均相类Fenton催化剂降解橙黄G染料废水,利用单因素法优化出最佳降解工艺,同时利用TOF-MS/MS(飞行时间质谱)检测降解中间产物,推测出可能降解途径.结果表明,当Ce/Fe为1 :1(质量比)时制备的Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料催化效果最佳.最佳降解工艺条件:初始pH为2.0,温度为30 ℃,H₂O₂投加量为30 mmol/L,Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料的投加量为2.0 g/L,初始ρ(橙黄G)为50 mg/L.在最佳降解工艺条件下反应120 min后,橙黄G去除率为96.2%,TOC去除率为65.0%,Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料至少可重复利用6次.研究显示,橙黄G降解主要有三条可能的降解途径,包括偶氮键断裂、偶氮键与苯环断开、脱磺酸基、羟基化以及开环等过程,共检测出八种可能的降解中间产物,主要有苯胺、苯酚、萘酚以及羧酸等.      

海洋厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养及其脱氮特性

采用ASBR厌氧氨氧化反应器,通过接种胶州湾底泥,研究了海洋厌氧氨氧菌的富集培养及其脱氮特性.实验结果表明:海洋厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养可分为4个阶段:菌体自溶期(1~15 d)、迟滞期(16~152 d)、活性提高期(153~183 d)与稳定运行期(184~192 d).与淡水厌氧氨氧化相比,其迟滞期(137 d)较长,活性提高期(30 d)较短,对基质浓度与HRT的变化更敏感,且由进出水导致的菌活性延迟时间为5 h,远长于淡水厌氧氨氧化菌,因此海洋厌氧氨氧化菌对新环境的适应能力更弱,更难富集培养.经过192 d运行,对NH_4~+-N与NO-2-N的去除率分别达到96.98%与95.66%,三氮转化比n(NH_4~+-N)∶n(NO-2-N)∶n(NO-3-N)为1∶(1.2±0.2)∶(0.22±0.06),接近理论比(1∶1.32∶0.26),NRRNH_4~+-N升至0.080 kg·(m~3·d)-1,海洋厌氧氨氧化菌活性显著提高,这标志着海洋厌氧氨氧化菌富集成功.反应器运行过程中,污泥逐渐由黑色泥状变为砖红色颗粒状,扫描电镜观察,该砖红色颗粒为表面光滑,排列紧密、有类似火山口形状的球状菌相互黏聚而成的菌团.     

基于DEA方法的浙江省市级环境效率评估研究

采用数据包络分析(DEA)方法对浙江省11个地市2005年-2011年的环境效率进行实证分析,同时使用tobit模型进行了环境效率与各类影响因子的回归分析.结果表明,2005年-2011年浙江省11个地市的环境效率在0.3~1范围内波动,波动幅度较大,环境效率优良的地市数量较少,且呈现总体数量下降趋势.浙中、浙南环境效率明显好于浙东北、浙西.随着环保投入产出效益的增加,浙东北、浙西环境效率一定程度提高.