艾比湖流域地表水水质指标与水体指数关系研究

传统的水域水质监测手段不仅成本高,而且空间信息有限,难以对相关水域进行全面的监测与评价.利用遥感技术进行水域水质监测可克服这些局限.本文以新疆艾比湖流域为研究对象,结合2015年5月实测水质数据和从准同步Landsat OLI数据上提取的水体指数值,利用空间分析和多元统计方法进行分析.结果发现,水体指数EWI、AWEIsh、Vegetation index(VI)、NDWI、NWI、NEW与水质指标之间的相关性显著(0.55≤r≤0.88).因此,选用以上6种水体指数与水质指标进行回归分析并建立数学关系估算模型,发现模型均方根误差均较低.利用同期实测数据对估算模型进行精度验证,发现验证判定系数高,验证点的相对平均误差偏低,均方根误差偏小.与此同时,利用2015年10月的40个采样点对模型进行二次验证,发现验证的判定系数满足0.22R20.81,模型的均方根误差较低.在估算模型中,总磷(TP)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、悬浮物(SS)、pH、色度和浊度两期数据的验证判定系数R2在0.5以上,均方根误差较小.因此,利用艾比湖流域水体指数建立的TP、BOD5、SS、pH、色度和浊度估算模型具有较好的普适性.该研究不仅可以为干旱区湖泊的遥感识别奠定基础,而且可为遥感技术应用于地表水水质指标值的提取提供一定的科学依据.     

利用多信息源提高半干旱地区TM影像的森林类型制图精度:以北京西部山区为例

以地处半干旱地区的北京西部山区为例,利用研究区森林类型的季相特征、已有的少部分林相图、Google Earth免费影像数据等信息选择不同坡向的相同森林类型做训练样本,通过加入其他辅助数据(海拔和坡向数据),来提高Landsat TM影像的森林类型分类精度,同时对比了基于像元和面向对象方法提取森林类型的效果。结果表明:1)就半干旱山区的森林类型划分来说,TM影像的TM4、TM5、TM4-TM2及辅助数据DEM和坡向可作为TM影像森林类型划分的最佳数据源。2)单独加入海拔信息,阔叶林的提取精度提高23%,针叶林和混交林的分类精度只提高了4%~5%;单独加入坡向信息,阔叶林的提取精度只提高21%,但是针叶林和混交林的分类精度则分别提高了13%、18%,显著优于单独加入海拔信息的效果。同时加入海拔信息和坡向信息,至少可以准确区分出约70%以上的针叶林、阔叶林和混交林。3)就本研究区而言,坡向比海拔更有效地辅助提高森林分类精度。4)就混淆矩阵数据而言,面向对象的分类方法比基于像元分类结果总体精度低3%,Kappa系数低4%,但面向对象的分类结果更加符合研究区实际情况。该研究对中分辨率影像应用于半干旱山区森林类型划分具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Pork knocking in the land of many waters: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Guyana

The growth of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Guyana has received little attention in the literature, despite its rapid growth and now central importance in this small country's socioeconomic fortunes. Although the activity in Guyana shares commonalities with ASM activity elsewhere in the world, it also displays some unique characteristics. This article builds upon existing debates and current issues surrounding Guyanese ASM. A lack of baseline data and research on the dynamics, underlying forces and various outcomes of the ASM sector has acted as a significant constraint on the regulation and development of the sector in a completely desirable fashion. This has been the result of, but has also been exacerbated by, the ineffective nature of intervention, enforcement and assistance. This paper aims to demonstrate and argue for the need for developing much clearer understandings of and effective interactions with the ASM sector in Guyana. Such all developments are the more pressing given future policies, which may represent potentially sizeable challenges for the continued vibrancy of ASM operations.     

荷电对粉尘过滤过程影响的研究

针对电袋复合除尘器工程技术开发的需求,进行了粉尘荷电对过滤过程影响的测试实验。测试结果显示,荷电对粉尘的过滤压降等都会产生一定影响,并且在荷电条件下,粉尘颗粒在输送过程中会产生一定程度的聚并现象。     

Crustacean habitat potential mapping in a tidal flat using remote sensing and GIS

To make a macrofaunal (crustacean) habitat potential map, the spatial distribution of ecological variables in the Hwangdo tidal flat, Korea, was explored. Spatial variables were mapped using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) combined with field observations. A frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) model were employed to map the macrofauna potential area for the Ilyoplax dentimerosa, a crustacean species. Spatial variables affecting the tidal macrofauna distribution were selected based on abundance and biomass and used within a spatial database derived from remotely sensed data of various types of sensors. The spatial variables included the intertidal digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance from a tidal channel, tidal channel density, surface sediment facies, spectral reflectance of the near infrared (NIR) bands and the tidal exposure duration. The relation between the I. dentimerosa and each spatial variable was calculated using the FR and LR. The species was randomly divided into a training set (70%) to analyse habitat potential using FR and LR and a test set (30%) to validate the predicted habitat potential map. The relations were overlaid to produce a habitat potential map with the species potential index (SPI) value for each pixel. The potential habitat maps were compared with the surveyed habitat locations such as validation data set. The comparison results showed that the LR model (accuracy is 85.28%) is better in prediction than the FR (accuracy is 78.96%) model. The performance of models gave satisfactory accuracies. The LR provides the quantitative influence of variables on a potential habitat of species; otherwise, the FR shows the quantitative influence of a class in each variable. The combination of a GIS-based frequency ratio and logistic regression models and remote sensing with field observations is an effective method to determine locations favorable for macrofaunal species occurrences in a tidal flat.     

Application of Markov-chain model for vegetation restoration assessment at landslide areas caused by a catastrophic earthquake in Central Taiwan

The 921 earthquake caused a catastrophic disaster in Central Taiwan. Ten years have passed since the earthquake occurred. Vegetation succession is the basis for establishing a restoration reference which plays an important role in vegetation restoration at landslide sites. Generally, growth conditions for grass are easier and the growth rate is faster than that for trees. Therefore, grass can be considered a pioneer species or an important reference for the early vegetation succession stage. This is the reason why grass is required to be extracted from other land covers. Integrating remote sensing, geographic information system and image classification into vegetation succession models is very important. In this study, the Markov chain model was applied for vegetation restoration assessment and discussion. Chiufenershan and Ninety-nine peaks were selected as the study areas. Five SPOT satellite images are used for land cover mapping and vegetation restoration simulations. Four categories of land covers were extracted, including forest, grass, bare land and water, respectively. From the transitive probability matrix (derived from any two land covers), the results show that vegetation restoration at the Chiufenershan and Ninety-nine peaks landslide areas is ongoing, but that has been disturbed by natural disasters.     

江门市区冬季地表热环境与土地覆盖类型关系的研究

应用美国陆地资源卫星Landsat ETM＋影像资料,反演了江门市区的地表温度（LST）,并提取研究区的NDVI、NDBI和MNDWI指数。分析了江门市区冬季LST的空间分布特征及城市地表热环境与土地覆盖类型之间的关系。结果表明：江门市区LST分布具有空间差异性,不同土地覆盖类型有较大差异,存在城市热岛效应;LST与3种归一化指数存在相关性,其中LST与NDVI存在非线性相关、与NDBI存在线性正相关、与MNDWI存在线性负相关。     

湖泊富营养化遥感评价模型的建立方法

中国处于不同富营养状态的湖泊已达75%,湖泊富营养化监测已成为我国迫切需要解决的技术问题。遥感技术能够低成本地对水体实现大尺度、快速监测,实现传统点状监测到面状监测的延伸。充分考虑我国现有的湖泊富营养化评价方法、参评指标相互关系的同时,通过研究参评指标的光谱特性分析其遥感可行性,提出了从水体的叶绿素a和悬浮物浓度入手,综合评价湖泊富营养化的遥感评价方法。     

遥感法与高怠速法尾气排放状况对照检测试验研究

募集100辆点燃式发动机在用汽车进行遥感法和高怠速法尾气排放对照检测试验。结果表明,多数车辆CO遥测值比高怠速值大,HC则相反。通过对高怠速值(y)与遥测值(x)进行回归分析,得到CO的回归方程为y=0.81x+453.03,t检验显示方程具有线性(α=0.10)。如果将两种方法配合使用,可以有效提高机动车尾气排放日常管理的效果。     

最优曲线投影动态聚类指标及在洪水分类中的应用——以南京站洪水为例

聚类数和聚类方法是聚类分析研究的核心,有着及其重要的实用价值。在投影寻踪动态聚类模型的基础上,通过引入S型曲线作为投影方式,并据此首次提出了能够同时确定最佳聚类数和对应聚类结果的最优曲线投影动态聚类指标。该动态聚类指标完全由数据驱动,具有计算简便并且物理意义清晰等特点。南京站洪水过程的应用结果表明:最优洪水动态分类指标在洪水聚类分析中是有效的,能提供明确、客观及合理的分类数和分类结果。