旋转风幕流场的数值模拟及实验研究

基于流体力学中空气射流理论,建立气幕旋风排风罩流场的三维数学模型。影响气幕旋风排风罩效果的因素很多,主要包括:射流气动参数、吹吸气动参数以及流动空间的边界条件和装置结构等。针对不同送风速度、不同送风角度下两种情况进行分析,并利用FLUENT计算动力学软件对这两种情况下气幕旋风排风罩的流场进行了数值模拟,经过比较确定出最佳效果时的参数,并利用示综烟雾进行了实验。结果表明:所建立的气幕旋风排风罩流场的数学模型完全正确,所确定的最佳效果时的参数和实际情况基本一致,可用于工程实际。     

航空安全文化的研究进展

结合国内外对航空安全文化定量和定性的研究结果,定义了航空安全文化,并阐述航空安全文化的内涵,介绍国内外航空安全文化研究的进展情况,指出了国内外航空安全文化研究的差距,进而给出我国航空安全文化的研究方向。目的在于使以后的研究越来越关注实证角度,为从人为因素角度加强航空安全提供可靠、可信的数据支持,提高飞行绩效,创造安全飞行周期新记录,最终提高航空公司的经济及社会效益。     

室内安全生态学研究

从人们最基本的生存需求之一:安全性需要和室内微型生态系统的可持续发展角度出发,对人们所面临的室内环境问题进行总结归纳;在安全生态学意义下对室内环境问题的研究重新进行了分类;在室内环境问题研究方面提出加强室内安全生态学研究的建议。对室内安全生态学研究提出一些新的观点和看法;给出了室内安全生态学的架构体系;较为全面地归纳了室内各方面的环境问题;初步探讨了如何构建室内安全生态学评价的理论体系。     

地域系统研究进展与展望

在述评国内外地域系统研究的基础上．分析了目前在“生态”框架下进行综合地域系统研究中存在的问题。①生态区是一个开放系统。任何尺度下的生态区都是由不同的生态系统组成。因此生态区的同质性是相对的，导致区划单元界线划定存在分歧。②受基础数据资料精度的限制．指标选取较多考虑是否能够满足数理统计需要而在一定程度上忽视了生态学上的意义和作用。③人类活动在生态区中既受到自然因子的制约．也对自然因子产生偏移，区域社会经济发展模式是自然、人文因子综合作用的结果．因而生态区包含自然因子和人文因子的信息。文中指出掌握自然-人文因子相互作用机制实现自然-人文因子的拟合是综合地域系统研究的核心．运用自然-人文因子空间化技术进行多源数据的融合是划分综合地域系统必须解决的关键技术．同时对将自然-人文空间化技术手段应用于综合地域系统划分中需要解决的问题进行了探讨。     

Green defaults: Information presentation and pro-environmental behaviour

There is inconsistency in many people's choice of electricity. When asked, they say they prefer a ‘green’ (i.e., environmentally friendly) source for this energy. Yet, although green electricity is available in many markets, people do not generally buy it. Why not? Motivated by behavioural decision research, we argue that the format of information presentation drastically affects the choice of electricity. Specifically, we hypothesise that people use the kind of electricity that is offered to them as the default. We present two natural studies and two experiments in the laboratory that support this hypothesis. In the two real-world situations, there was a green default, and most people used it. In the first laboratory experiment, more participants chose the green utility when it was the default than when ‘grey’ electricity was the default. In the second laboratory experiment, participants asked for more money to give up green electricity than they were willing to pay for it. We argue that changing defaults can be used to promote pro-environmental behaviour. Potential policy-making applications of this work are discussed.     

Prospects for Reconciling the Conflict between Economic Growth and Biodiversity Conservation with Technological Progress

Abstract: The conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation is understood in portions of academia and sometimes acknowledged in political circles. Nevertheless, there is not a unified response. In political and policy circles, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is posited to solve the conflict between economic growth and environmental protection. In academia, however, the EKC has been deemed fallacious in macroeconomic scenarios and largely irrelevant to biodiversity. A more compelling response to the conflict is that it may be resolved with technological progress. Herein I review the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation in the absence of technological progress, explore the prospects for technological progress to reconcile that conflict, and provide linguistic suggestions for describing the relationships among economic growth, technological progress, and biodiversity conservation. The conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics and principles of ecology such as trophic levels and competitive exclusion. In this biophysical context, the human economy grows at the competitive exclusion of nonhuman species in the aggregate. Reconciling the conflict via technological progress has not occurred and is infeasible because of the tight linkage between technological progress and economic growth at current levels of technology. Surplus production in existing economic sectors is required for conducting the research and development necessary for bringing new technologies to market. Technological regimes also reflect macroeconomic goals, and if the goal is economic growth, reconciliatory technologies are less likely to be developed. As the economy grows, the loss of biodiversity may be partly mitigated with end‐use innovation that increases technical efficiency, but this type of technological progress requires policies that are unlikely if the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation (and other aspects of environmental protection) is not acknowledged.     

Long‐Term Dynamics of a Fragmented Rainforest Mammal Assemblage

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation is a severe threat to tropical biotas, but its long‐term effects are poorly understood. We evaluated longer‐term changes in the abundance of larger (>1 kg) mammals in fragmented and intact rainforest and in riparian “corridors” in tropical Queensland, with data from 190 spotlighting surveys conducted in 1986–1987 and 2006–2007. In 1986–1987 when most fragments were already 20–50 years old, mammal assemblages differed markedly between fragmented and intact forest. Most vulnerable were lemuroid ringtail possums (Hemibelideus lemuroides), followed by Lumholtz's tree‐kangaroos (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) and Herbert River ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus herbertensis). Further changes were evident 20 years later. Mammal species richness fell significantly in fragments, and the abundances of 4 species, coppery brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula johnstoni), green ringtail possums (Pseudochirops archeri), red‐legged pademelons (Thylogale stigmatica), and tree‐kangaroos, declined significantly. The most surprising finding was that the lemuroid ringtail, a strict rainforest specialist, apparently recolonized one fragment, despite a 99.98% decrease in abundance in fragments and corridors. A combination of factors, including long‐term fragmentation effects, shifts in the surrounding matrix vegetation, and recurring cyclone disturbances, appear to underlie these dynamic changes in mammal assemblages.     

连续型空间故障树中因素重要度分布的定义与认知

为了解工作环境条件因素对系统故障概率的影响的特征,同时丰富连续型空间故障树(CSFT)的理论框架,提出因素重要度分布的概念。因素重要度分布从经典故障树的概率重要度发展而来,目的是研究系统所处环境因素变化导致系统可靠性变化的程度。给出元件和系统的因素重要度分布概念、公式及所需基础数据,并分析因素重要度分布的正负分布特点。使用该概念研究元件X1和系统T的因素t重要度分布和因素c重要度分布。结果表明:在不同环境中,对于因素t或c变化影响元件或系统的故障概率变化程度是不同的。因素重要度分布有效地表达了t和c对元件或系统的故障概率影响特征。     

低温低浊高色水源水处理的进展研究

针对低温低浊高色水源水质特征,对近年低温絮凝剂、低温强化混凝技术、低温膜集成技术研发与应用现状进行了综合论述.通过对低温混凝剂的絮凝机理与效果、各技术低温保持水质达标的应对策略的深入剖析,预测低温低浊高色水处理的发展趋势.研究表明,开发低温专用的高效低耗、质优价廉、无毒无二次污染的载体絮凝水处理剂,探索在不增加甚至减少工程造价条件下对低温期及平常期水处理均有效的工艺,是低温低浊高色水源水处理的关键.     

农作物秸秆综合利用的研究进展综述

通过对农作物秸秆的研究现状、处理方法及综合应用情况进行综述,归纳出了目前农作物秸秆综合利用领域、主要处理方法及需要突破的关键技术.明确了突破农作物秸秆外表面物质结构实现完全降解和完成内部纤维素、半纤维素等高分子化合物降解转化是综合利用农作物秸秆研究的重点和难点.同时指出了解决农作物秸秆综合利用的技术层面、法律层面和人文认知理念等方面的发展趋势,为高效利用农作物秸秆及开展关键技术攻关提供参考.