基于改进模拟退火算法的社会力量救灾派遣模型*

为提高社会救援力量参与救灾的效率,针对社会力量参与灾后救援的派遣问题,提出最优化派遣模型及其求解算法。根据“量力而行、就近就便”等原则,综合考虑社会力量的救援技能掌握程度和灾区的救援需求情况,将最大化救援效益作为目标函数,以抵达灾区时间和救灾经济成本作为约束条件建立模型;采用模拟退火算法对模型进行求解,根据模型改进Metropolis接受准则,并利用牛顿冷却定律优化温度衰减函数,提高模型收敛至全局最优的概率。结果表明:根据实际情况调整约束条件可以得出不同的最佳派遣方案,以满足灾区救援需求。提出的派遣模型和求解方法有效、可行。     

基于相似理论的飞机实际着陆距离预测方法

为防止飞机着陆时冲出跑道事件的发生,提出一种基于相似理论的飞机实际着陆距离预测方法。首先,通过量纲分析法结合影响飞机实际着陆距离的主要因素,推导出表征实际着陆距离的无量纲方程;然后,利用真实飞行数据,得出不同接地俯仰角条件下飞机实际着陆距离的预测方程;最后,对比分析方程预测结果与由真实数据所得的飞机实际着陆距离。结果表明:采用该方法能够在不同接地俯仰角条件下预测飞机实际着陆距离;在小接地俯仰角条件下,预测值与实际值吻合度最高,最大绝对误差在50 m范围内,最大相对误差约为3%。     

不同应力比的循环荷载下砂岩变形损伤特性研究*

为探究循环荷载下砂岩试件的变形损伤特性,开展3种不同幅值下的循环加卸载试验,分析应力比对砂岩变形损伤与能量耗散特性的影响规律。结果表明:应力比越大,相邻加载段应变差越大,部分高应力下不可恢复的变形在低应力时有所恢复;当应力比为0.50和0.67时,各循环泊松比相差不大,介于0.231~0.247之间,而当应力比为0.88时,泊松比随循环数有增加趋势;应力比越大耗散能占比越大,试件吸收并转化为用于自身损伤的能量越大。高应力循环荷载下试件损伤逐渐积累,在衡量试件损伤变化时采用的耗散能只考虑了轴向残余应变与应力,忽略了径向变形的影响。     

An economic and environmental framework for analyzing globally sourced auto parts packaging system

Competitive forces are driving US domestic manufacturers to source parts globally, which significantly extends their supply chain and introduces new sustainability concerns. This paper addresses the situation from an operating division manager's perspective. We present an approach to packaging system assessment which considers the division manager's span of control, addresses the design of packaging and the corresponding logistics processes, and incorporates both cost and environmental impacts. A construct familiar to operations managers, the value stream map, is adapted to model material flow of both parts and packages, and an integrated material flow analysis is used as the common basis for cost analysis, a modified life cycle environmental impact analysis, and an energy consumption analysis. The framework is illustrated using a case study of a major US automaker.     

亚热带红壤区湿地松生长与耗水耦合关系研究

采用热扩散式探针(TDP)对湿地松(Pinus elliottii)树干液流密度及其周围环境因子进行长期同步测定,同时辅以树干解析、枝条解析等树木生长量调查方法,以期探索不同尺度上湿地松水分耗失与碳蓄积特征。结果表明,液流密度与冠层温度、相对湿度、光合有效辐射总量都呈显著的线性相关关系。液流密度与上述3个因子的多元线性回归方程和回归系数的相关性检验均达极显著水平。湿地松日均耗水量与边材面积间线性相关性显著。处于低龄期的湿地松,边材面积与胸径可用二次函数很好地拟合。根据2004年湿地松树干液流观测结果和生物量调查结果,推算出湿地松在生长过程中每形成1.773 1g干物质需要消耗约1kg水分。文末还根据生物量数据推算了树木生长过程中的耗水量。     

乐安河沉积物重金属污染现状评价

通过2003年对乐安河沿线12个采样点的沉积物重金属含量检测,采用污染综合指数法(P)、地积累指数法(Igeo)以及潜在生态危害指数法(RI)分别评价其污染水平,结果表明,乐安河沉积物重金属污染严重,根据Igeo,污染水平上游段Cu>Pb>Zn,中游段三者相当,下游段Pb>Zn>Cu,根据RI把乐安河沿线分为源头低生态风险型,上游单一金属高生态风险突出型,中下游多金属高生态风险综合型三种,三种评价方法反应的总体趋势一致,但也有不同之处,应用过程中宜将三种方法相结合综合进行评价。     

社区循环经济建设中存在问题及对策建议——以上海市闵行区为例

社区作为社会经济中最终的消费者,是循环经济建设中重要的一环。通过对上海市闵行区典型居住区的居委、物业工作人员和小区居民开展问卷调查,了解小区层次和居民家庭层次上节水、节能、资源回收利用等现状,以及居民绿色消费意识、对循环经济的认知程度和参与积极性等情况,分析了闵行区社区开展循环经济建设的基础及存在问题,并提出针对性建议。     

江苏省生物物种资源监测体系总体方案探讨

通过调查研究江苏省生物物种资源现状和相关部门监测能力,提出了我省监测的总体目标、工作要求、工作任务,分析了江苏省生物物种资源面临的威胁。根据江苏省生物资源分布特点及保护目标,制定了包括自然保护区、湿地、森林生态系统等生物物种生境及濒危物种、外来入侵物种在内的江苏省生物物种重点监测样地和对象,为今后生物物种资源的动态监测提供了比较可行的技术方案。     

Urban hinterlands—the case of an Israeli town ecological footprint

Modern urban life is characterized by the consumption of materials and energy, which are imported from all over the world and discharge waste that in many cases has a negative impact on ecosystems far from the cities in which they consumed. Indeed, cities cannot survive without worldwide hinterlands for resources and emissions sequestration. The ecological footprint (EF) concept provides valuable insights into the human appropriation of resources relative to earth’s carrying capacity, and therefore it enables us to compare human demands with nature’s supply and provides an indicator of human ecological sustainability. An attempt was made to calculate the EF of Ra’anana, Israel as a case study, to compare the EF-value with the expected for ecological sustainability and to emphasize the dependence on overseas ecosystems. Ra’anana, a town of 67,300 inhabitants in the year 2002, is considered a ‘dormitory town’ with a high quality of life. The EF was calculated using mainly the component method. The calculated EF for Ra’anana is 4.0 ha/resident which means that the required hinterland, located all over the world, is nearly 180 times the size of the town. The town’s EF is twice the value expected for sustainability on a global scale. We draw several scenarios in order to reduce the EF. On a national basis as well as with the town case study, electric energy, food and waste can be reduced and in turn would have a dramatic impact on the EF.

复合絮凝剂在治理棉纤维生产废水中的应用

运用正交实验设计的方法，对化纤厂生产棉浆粕过程中产生的黑液，进行了絮凝剂各类和用量的选择研究。据此，可以为确定工艺中絮凝剂的投加量提供初步数据。同时给出了化学耗氧量（COD）和总有机碳（TOC）之间的线性关系方程。