水稻根系生长发育对CO2浓度升高的响应及其品种间的差异

Minirhizontrons是一种非破坏性、定点、可直接观测和研究植物根系的新方法。利用微根管Minirhizotrons在试验田的温室大棚内研究CO2浓度升高作用下的水稻根系生长发育,试验采用完全随机处理,探讨CO2浓度升高（800μmol·mol-1）对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）生物量和根系形态的变化差异。结果表明,与CO2对照相比,CO2浓度升高显著增加4个水稻品种（2种杂交籼稻和2种常规籼稻）的地上部生物量,增幅为8.58%-12.66%,平均增加10.61%。CO2浓度升高条件下,根的生物量分别增加了3.16%-12.13%,平均增加8.64%。高CO2浓度对根系形态的影响表明,4种水稻根系对CO2浓度升高都有积极的响应。CO2浓度升高条件下,各根系指标在水稻不同生育期都有显著增加,根长密度、表面积、体积和根数的平均增幅分别为10%-27%、21%-24%、20%-58%和4%-18%。但在水稻生长发育过程中,品种间也存在着差异。CO2浓度升高和对照处理,籼型杂交稻威优644（V644）和金优207（JY207）的根长密度和根数表现出相似的变化趋势;高CO2浓度处理时其根长密度平均都增加了10%,根数平均增加4%和8%。CO2浓度升高和对照处理,2种籼型杂交水稻的根体积和表面积表现出较快的增长幅度,都呈现出近线性的生长趋势;CO2浓度升高处理下其根体积平均增加40%和25%,表面积平均都增加了24%。CO2浓度升高和对照处理,籼型常规稻湘晚12号（XW12）和丰华占（FHZ）的生长变化趋势表现一致,生长发育后期达到一个近似饱和的拐点。CO2浓度升高条件下其根长密度、根数和根体积分别平均增加27%和24%、18%和11%、58%和20%,根表面积平均都增加了21%。     

秸秆还田下改良剂对水稻生长和Cd吸收积累的影响

土壤中的镉（Cd）易在水稻中积累而威胁人体健康,秸秆还田下不同化学改良剂对水稻Cd 吸收累积特性的影响效应值得关注.选取成都平原德阳市旌阳区Cd 污染稻田为研究对象,开展小区试验,研究秸秆（油菜、小麦）直接还田下添加石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石3 种改良剂对水稻生长和Cd 吸收累积的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,油菜秸秆＋钙镁磷肥和小麦秸秆＋海泡石处理均能增加水稻株高、分蘖数和产量,其中产量提高了6.34%和12.64%,达显著水平（P〈0.05）.秸秆还田下,配施改良剂（石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石）均能显著降低（P〈0.05）水稻糙米Cd 含量,较对照降幅分别为21.65%-36.75%（油菜秸秆还田）和21.11%-33.87%（小麦秸秆还田）.油菜秸秆＋改良剂（石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石）促进了土壤Cd 向茎叶的累积,较对照增加1.31-2.41 倍,这对水稻秸秆（茎叶）还田利用有不利影响.小麦秸秆＋石灰或海泡石处理均显著降低了茎秆、谷壳Cd 积累,较对照降幅为6.28%-19.63%和70.16%-78.68%.综合水稻产量及其对土壤Cd 吸收累积效应,油菜秸秆配合改良剂（海泡石、石灰和钙镁磷肥）、小麦秸秆＋海泡石是较为理想的秸秆还田与改良剂配合处理技术.     

转Bar基因稻谷全蛋白对体外培养小鼠淋巴细胞的毒性

为了评价转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白的急性细胞毒性,分别以25、50、100和200μg·mL-1转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白孵育昆明小鼠淋巴细胞,并各孵育2 h、6 h、24 h,然后通过体外试验用CCK-8及中性红摄取试验检测细胞毒性大小。在经过不同的孵育时间段后,阳性对照组淋巴细胞的细胞存活率与空白对照组相比,存在显著差异(p0.05)。其中,CCK-8试验、中性红试验测得细胞存活率存在着明显的损伤作用-时间效应关系。转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白组孵育的淋巴细胞存活率与非转基因大米D68全蛋白组孵育的淋巴细胞相比无明显差异(p0.05),且与空白对照组细胞存活率差异不显著(p0.05)。结果显示,转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白与非转基因大米D68全蛋白急性细胞毒性效应相似,对小鼠淋巴细胞无明显急性毒性。     

根表铁膜对水稻铅吸收转运的影响

通过温室土壤盆栽试验研究不同生育期水稻根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收和转运Pb的影响。结果表明,两种水稻根表铁膜形成量(以DCB-Fe含量计)及铁膜中吸附的Pb量均随着生育期的延长而减少。水稻根表铁膜Fe含量与铁膜吸附的Pb量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.798,p0.01)。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累Pb随着不同品种和不同生育期而变化。品种NK57籽粒Pb含量显著高于品种YD6,前者为后者的1.9倍。从富集系数和分配比率来看,Pb主要富集在水稻的铁膜和根系中,而积累在茎叶和籽粒中的比率较少。Pb从水稻根表铁膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒中的转运系数在两个水稻品种间差异均不显著。水稻分蘖期和孕穗期根表铁膜量与根系Pb含量均呈显著的正相关关系(p0.05),但是成熟期水稻根表铁膜量与根系、茎叶和籽粒中Pb含量相关性均不显著,说明根表铁膜形成对水稻分蘖期和孕穗期吸收积累Pb有一定影响,但对水稻成熟期根系、茎叶和籽粒吸收积累Pb影响不大。     

Persistence of oxyfluorfen in soil and detection of its residues in rice crop

Oxyfluorfen is a post-emergence herbicide used for control of annual and perennial broad-leaf weeds and sedges in rice. There is increasing concern about persistence of pesticide residues in soils, agricultural products and sub-sequent contamination of ground water through runoff, leaching and drift. Thus, persistence of oxyfluorfen was evaluated under field conditions in a rice cropping system. Oxyfluorfen was sprayed at 240 and 500 g ai ha^?1 application rates to the rice crop as post-emergence herbicide. Paddy grains, straw and soil samples were collected at harvest and analyzed for oxyfluorfen residues by HPLC. Straw samples contained 0.01 and 0.03 µg g^?1 oxyfluorfen residues at 240 and 500 g ha^?1 concentrations, respectively. In the soil, 0.028 and 0.03 µg g^?1 of oxyfluorfen residues were detected when applied at 240 and 500 g ai ha^?1, respectively. However, in rice grains, 0.018 and 0.106 µg g^?1 of oxyfluorfen residues were found in 240 and 500 g ai ha^?1 treated plots. In light of the potential adverse effects of oxyfluorfen, it is important to determine herbicide levels in these crops.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.     

Species-level study on arsenic availability from dietary components

Arsenic (As) contaminated water and foodstuffs are of major concern. Samples of drinking–cooking water (n = 50), raw rice (n = 50), common vegetables (eight types), and common pulses (three types) were collected from households in the endemic region. The study found up to 70% As reduction by using safe water for cooking of rice and vegetables. Speciation study reflected more arsenate than arsenite and other organic arsenicals in all the types of samples. Male intake of 293 μg As through drinking water contained 38 μg arsenite and 246 μg arsenate, and female intake of 199 μg As contained 167 μg arsenate and 25 μg arsenite. In cooked rice, 108 μg As contained 69 μg arsenate and 17 μg arsenite with 9 μg dimethylarsonic acid (DMA). Total As consumption from cooked vegetables was 45 μg with 34 and 4 μg of arsenite and arsenate, respectively, and 5 μg of DMA. Data indicate that cooking with As-free water removes arsenic in already contaminated foodstuffs but without interconversion of the As species, from toxic inorganic to less toxic organic forms.     

多金属硫化物矿区不同品种水稻根际土壤酶活的变化

选取酸性矿山废水污灌形成的多重金属污染水稻土,采用多格层根际箱模拟水稻根际环境,研究高镉积累水稻长香谷fOryzasativaL．cv．Choukoukoku）和低镉积累水稻金农丝苗（OryzasativaL．cv．Jinnongsimiao）2个品种水稻生育中后期（分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期、蜡熟期）根际土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征。结果表明：高镉积累水稻比低镉积累水稻各时期根际土壤脲酶活性低,随着生育期的延长,2个品种水稻土壤脲酶活性先降低后升高（分蘖期酶活性最高）,2种水稻土壤脲酶活性均在根际s0层达到最高,但其他各层土壤脲酶活性与根系距离无显著关系。随着水稻生育期的延长,高镉积累水稻根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性先升高（在孕穗期酶活性达最高）,随后降低;低镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性则在分蘖期最高,之后逐渐降低。除分蘖期高镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性低于低镉积累水稻酶活性外,其他2个时期前者酸性磷酸酶酶活性均高于后者的酶活。2个品种水稻土壤过氧化氢酶活性随生育期延长不断升高,在整个生育后期,高镉吸收水稻比低镉吸收水稻各时期土壤过氧化氢酶活性高,但在蜡熟期时两者无显著差异;在各时期2种水稻过氧化氢酶活性在根系S0层达到最大,随着与水稻根系距离的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势。可见,在多重金属污染矿区,土壤酶活性明显受水稻品种、水稻生长时期和水稻根系的影响。该结果可以为研究多重金属污染矿区分析土壤酶活性与不同重金属积累程度的水稻品种作物相关关系提供数据支持,给农业生产及土壤修复提供依据。     

水稻覆膜节水综合高产技术对稻田CH4排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了常规栽培和水稻覆膜节水综合高产技术下川中丘陵地区稻田的CH4排放通量,探究覆膜节水综合高产技术对稻田CH4排放的影响。结果表明：整个水稻生长期,常规栽培与水稻覆膜节水综合高产技术稻田CH4排放总量分别为(35.0±3.5)和(5.1±1.0) g·m-2,后者较前者减少稻田CH4季节排放量的(86±4)%。二者CH4平均排放通量在不同水稻生长时期存在如下关系：孕穗期>抽穗期>成熟期>分蘖期。水稻各生长时期,覆膜节水综合高产技术均降低稻田CH4排放,在稻田CH4排放盛期（孕穗期）降幅达79%。在不同土壤水分状况下,水稻覆膜节水综合高产技术稻田CH4平均排放通量存在如下关系：烤田期>烤田后>烤田前;而常规栽培则为烤田期>烤田前>烤田后。不同于常规栽培,烤田对水稻覆膜节水综合高产技术下稻田 CH4排放无明显影响,烤田后降雨促进其 CH4排放。土壤水分状况由低变高更易促使覆膜节水综合高产技术下稻田CH4排放。覆膜节水综合高产技术栽培全生育期内,厢面CH4排放通量与土温、土壤Eh无显著相关性（P>0.05）。厢沟CH4排放与土温显著正相关（r=0.447*,P<0.05）。水稻移栽至烤田前,厢面CH4排放通量与土壤Eh显著负相关（r=0.624*,P<0.05）。     

不同生育期类型水稻对镉积累的研究

以江苏省有代表性的早熟中粳、中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳5种生育期类型的56个粳稻品种为材料,在Cd污染农田中研究不同生育期类型粳稻品种Cd积累特性.结果表明,56个供试水稻品种籽粒Cd含量变化范围为0.014～0.054 mg·kg-1,水稻籽粒Cd含量在品种间差异显著(P＜0.05),其中籽粒Cd含量最高的品种是ELTO,扬粳687、泗阳1382、广陵香粳和武香粳9号水稻籽粒Cd含量较低.不同生育期类型水稻籽粒Cd含量以早熟中粳较高,中熟中粳较低,分别为0.024和0.020 mg·kg-1.不同生育期类型水稻籽粒Cd富集系数差异不显著,而不同生育期类型间转运系数存在差异.