涝渍地农业综合整治开发示范区规划探讨

通过中日合作项目“湖北省江汉平原四湖涝渍地综合开发计划”两个涝渍地综合开发示范区的有关实践，对该区涝渍地开发规划方法进行了系统探讨。研究表明，江汉平原涝渍地大体上可分成以河流冲积物为主和以湖积与冲积共同作用形成的两类地区，两者在地貌、土壤结构、耕作方式和经济发展阶段上存在较大差异，应该区别对待；“单元水系”可作为涝渍地区域综合开发最基层的区域单元。水土资源存在的巨大潜力和障碍应作为规划的出发点，其开发模式可借鉴日本“农田综合整备”的理论与实践；田间土地整治及其附属物设施建设的技术标准应以我国近20年来关于涝渍地排水的工程标准为主，适当参照世界先进国家标准。数量化理论I可作为规划前对涝渍地微域土地进行综合评价的一种合适方法；鉴于涝渍地开发的阶段性，对现阶段涝渍地开发效果的评价指标的选择，应在农田的物理结构改变效果、农业深度开发与结构调整效果和综合经济效益效果等3方面取得平衡。以第一方面的评价为重点，给出了一个相应的评价体系。     

Biomass allocation in boreal plants with different ecological strategies

In the boreal zone of the Middle Urals, biomass structure was studied in 35 species of wild plants with different ecological strategies according to Grime and Ramenskii (competitors, ruderals, and stress-tolerant plants). Plants belonging to these groups proved to differ considerably in the absolute plant weight and the quantitative contributions of the main organs to the total biomass. Discriminant analysis revealed a 97% difference between the species groups; hence, this approach may be used for identifying the ecological strategies of plants in natural habitats.     

Natural Recovery of Technogenic Landscapes in Open Larch Forests in Northeastern Russia

Studies on the vegetation and soil complexes in areas of the Kolyma River basin disturbed by mining, in the northeast of the Chukchi Peninsula, have been performed to reveal trends in natural restorative processes in posttechnogenic landscapes. Data on the flora, phytomass stock, chemical composition of plants pioneering in the overgrowing of disturbed areas, and physicochemical properties of soils and technogenic eluvia have been obtained. The results have shown that plant cover restoration in disturbed areas depends primarily on the type (genesis) of technogenic substrates, the content of fine earth in the surface layer, and the distance from natural plant complexes that serve as a source of seeds coming to the disturbed area.     

长江中上游护堤林发展土地潜力研究

护岸堤林建设是建设是长江中上游防护林体系建设林种空间布局与配置不可缺少的有机组成部分，具沿江而布及成连续林带的特点。其发展的土地潜力取决于岸堤线长度、林带建设宽度和建设地带内的土地利用现状结构等三个因素。研究结果表明：长江中上游研究江段护岸堤林发展土地数量潜力规模为２５１２３．４～４１９３８．９ｈｍ２，其中需造林绿化的宜林荒地地（第一类潜力）为８２１４．５～１３７５７．３ｈｍ２，需改造更新的疏灌林地和需加强抚育的未成林造林地（第二潜力）为５４０９．３～９０１５．５ｈｍ２，需退耕还林的耕地（第三类潜力）为１１４９９．６～１９１６６．１ｈｍ２。     

Regeneration of Native Trees in the Presence of Invasive Saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico

Abstract:  Many riparian zones in the Sonoran Desert have been altered by elimination of the normal flood regime; such changes to the flow regime have contributed to the spread of saltcedar ( Tamarix ramosissma Ledeb.), an exotic, salt-tolerant shrub. It has been proposed that reestablishment of a natural flow regime on these rivers might permit passive restoration of native trees, without the need for aggressive saltcedar clearing programs. We tested this proposition in the Colorado River delta in Mexico, which has received a series of large-volume water releases from U.S. dams over the past 20 years. We mapped the vegetation of the delta riparian corridor through ground and aerial surveys (1999–2002) and satellite imagery (1992–2002) and related vegetation changes to river flood flows and fire events. Although saltcedar is still the dominant plant in the delta, native cottonwood (  Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and willow ( Salix gooddingii C. Ball) trees have regenerated multiple times because of frequent flood releases from U.S. dams since 1981. Tree populations are young and dynamic (ages 5–10 years). The primary cause of tree mortality between floods is fire. Biomass in the floodplain, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index on satellite images, responds positively even to low-volume (but long-duration) flood events. Our results support the hypothesis that restoration of a pulse flood regime will regenerate native riparian vegetation despite the presence of a dominant invasive species, but fire management will be necessary to allow mature tree stands to develop.     

SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL ALLOCATION AND TRADING SYSTEMS FOR TRADITIONALLY RIPARLAN AREAS1

ABSTRACT: There is a growing need for water regulations in states traditionally managed by the riparian doctrine. Several states have passed water laws to control withdrawals from streams. Few, if any, however, have set up consistent and defensible methods for allocating water to users. This paper explores several methods for such allocations, examining each in detail and offering numerical examples that compare each on the basis of economic efficiency and effectiveness for maintaining critical stream‐flow standards. This work is part of a study to assess the vulnerability of Midwestern streams to climate change and, especially, surface supplied irrigation spawned by such climate change. The results suggest that it is possible to implement regulations that at once (1) are consistent with the riparian doctrine; (2) control the hydrological and ecological impacts of off stream withdrawals effectively; and (3) preserve the primary economic functions of those withdrawals, including minimizing economic risk. The results further suggest that trading of water permits improves the latter two objectives, but only if both the regulatory system and permit are well‐designed. On the other hand, in the absence of regulations, or under poorly designed regulations, streamflows, and therefore aquatic ecosystems, could be quite vulnerable.     

面向可持续发展的海岸带综合管理研究

本文以可持续发展为目标，从海岸带综合管理问题入手，进一步分析了海岸带系统的可持续性，阐述了海岸带综合管理的方法论，提出了海岸带综合管理的内涵、原则、任务与技术方法。     

采空区对地表建筑物的影响评价方法研究

为研究金属矿山采动灾害影响,论述了金属矿山采空区上覆岩层移动对地表建筑物影响评价理论和技术方法,即"三带理论"、岩石移动带理论和数值模拟方法;指出了金属矿山空区稳定性和岩石移动的主要影响因素。结合某铁矿采空区的实际情况,综合应用这3种方法对该铁矿进行了定性、定量评价。分析3种评价方法的特点,旨在探索金属矿山的采动影响评价方法,以便保护矿区附近建筑物的安全,减小采动灾害对矿山企业及附近居民生命财产损失。     

三峡库区典型消落带草本植物氮磷养分浸泡释放实验

三峡库区消落带植被淹水后腐烂分解,可能成为影响库区水环境安全的重要营养源.以三峡库区6种消落带优势草本植物茎叶为材料,利用室内浸泡模拟实验,测定上覆水中氮磷浓度的变化,结合初始基质碳、氮、磷含量分析,力图查明消落带草本植物淹水后氮磷养分释放特征.结果表明:①消落带植物初始基质碳、氮含量差异显著,而磷含量彼此相近.②消落带植物淹水分解造成上覆水pH升高,氧化还原电位(Eh)降低,氮磷养分快速释放和上覆水氮磷浓度增加,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)释放量分别为(3.85±2.53)、(1.33±0.73)mg.g-1.消落带植物淹水TN和氨氮(NH4+-N)的释放过程呈抛物线状,TP呈对数曲线状.TN、TP的释放峰值时间平均15 d,NH4+-N平均33 d.养分释放量和释放速率均呈TN>TP>NH4+-N的特点,消落带植被经过3个月的浸泡,TN、NH4+-N和TP的释放负荷分别为:22.4、8.9、4.5 kg.hm-2.③植物初始基质的C含量越低,N、P含量越高,植物淹水后氮磷养分的释放量和释放速率就越大.     

SO2 emission cap planning for Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone

The SO₂ emission sources of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone were divided into 556 emissions units according to four different categories, which are city, industry, point sources, and area sources. The CALPUFF model was used to calculate the contribution of each unit, and consequently obtain an influence-transferring matrix. To ensure that the SO₂ concentrations of 46 cities and counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone meet air quality standards, an emission optimization model was developed to calculate optimal emissions of each emission unit under different development scenarios. The result showed the optimal emissions of SO₂ by different provinces and industries. To achieve the target of restricting and optimizing development, corresponding planning programs were developed for every district.